Lyrics NBA 08 Trax

1. Sound of Silver - LCD Soundsystem
Send "Sound of Silver" Ringtone to your Cell

Sound of silver talk to me
makes you want to feel like a teenager
until you remember the feelings of
a real life emotion of teenager
then you think again
[repeat, as needed]
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Stephen Marley : Hey Baby - Stephen Marley, Mos Def Lyrics
Songwriters: Marley, Stephen; Smith, Dante;

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2. THE DEY - Get The Feeling
Added by Site Admin on 2007-07-20
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Rating
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I get this feeling that ya
Ready, I'm willing... yes ya
Sexy, appealing... yes ya...
Girl lemme come and get cha...


I get the feeling that I'm... gon' end up lovin' you
If you don't wanna hurt me, then boy watch what you do
I get the feeling that I... will end up loving you
If you don't wanna hurt me, then boy watch what you do

I... I...I got my paper right
I'm that heavy baller type
She was searching all her life
For that gangster that she likes
Stay strapped, no tats,
Spanish... but I'm so black
She don't even know that
I ain't ever sold crack
Yeah there she keep on callin'
She really think I'm ballin'
I'm really broke ass fuck
And I ain't giving nothing up


I get the feeling that I'm... gon' end up lovin' you
If you don't wanna hurt me, then boy watch what you do
I get the feeling that I... will end up loving you
If you don't wanna hurt me, then boy watch what you do

She be ready for the lights... camera...then action...
Find More lyrics at www.sweetslyrics.com
She's the_, with passion
She shake it right now
She's not done
Imma hit her with some satisfaction
She askin' ...if she could come to the bed
She wanna run with the kid
Lay back, hit a blunt with the kid
See my funds get big
It's yo night... I got my buds
Que hay? Man wuzzup
Freak it right
Live it up
I ain't trying to fall in love
So wuzzup


I get the feeling that I'm... gon' end up lovin' you
If you don't wanna hurt me, then boy watch what you do
I get the feeling that I... will end up loving you
If you don't wanna hurt me, then boy watch what you do


I get this feeling that ya
Ready, I'm willing... yes ya
Sexy, appealing... yes ya...
Girl lemme come and get cha...


I get the feeling that I'm... gon' end up lovin' you
If you don't wanna hurt me, then boy watch what you do
I get the fucking feeling that I... will end up loving you
If you don't wanna hurt me, then boy watch what you do


3. DJ JAZZY JEFF ALL I KNOW FEAT. CL SMOOTH LYRICS

Send "All I Know feat. CL Smooth" Ringtone to your Cell

I make it move like I wanna move with them horns
Let 'em play with them strings while I spit the life of kings
Put a could in the stood with it, we at it
Dudes that was meant to have it
Fans wanna reach out and grab it
I'm just an ordinary man with an unordinary lifestyle
Seen early, I would live as a child
I was conceived a mistake, but you God was really all it take for me to be born and make the earth shake
This was razed from the bottom so before them plain clowns got 'em
Soak up the four square miles to pop 'em
It's me in the flesh, here to put the rumours to rest
And let you celebrate hip hop's best
From the womb to the tomb hit the game real soon
With a tune that's gonn take sun straight to the moon taddau
See it's my turn now, all competitors bow
All you sayin' is 'WOW'
Chorus
All i know, it's the way it gotta go and everything you take to hold me down.
All i see it's the way it gotta be if you came to see me hit the town.
This is my vibe the way I survive and peoples can't play me out of bounds.
Here's my point on the Jazzy Jeff joint, that's why C.L. can wear the crown
Verse 2
When you think about the pedigree, I own the whole catalog
All i'm sayin' is don't sleep on me dawg
I really walked them streets there
Schooled them young wolves, C.L. will slay anything in his way.
Okay it's all about the aura I project, that ultimate cconnect and how you see me as a man of respect, right?
So it's like a mutual agreement, all your feed is in the seamon
Learn the rules, let you earn your pay sure
.... of what it cost and how the world foced me to kill 'em softly baby
How the music sound from the basement and how the world blessed me
Who let you see the fame don't impress me, dig it?
Why it's cut from a different cloth, blood it, set it off,
keep a nice piece of the love easy.
Anytime you can hold ya head, then you can hold some bread and realte to what C.L. said, yes...
Chorus

Verse 3
It's Jazzy Jeff on the turntables, c.l. on the M.i.C
Philly on up to the NYC and breakdances, God, Tags in the trainyard.
Wild style fat laced, thugz locked up from a 1980's case ......


4. KRS-One & Marley Marl : Hip Hop Lives Lyrics
Songwriters: Williams, Marlon; Parker, Lawrence Kris;

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Lyrics: Kevin Michael - Don't Make A Difference To Me lyrics
Album: Unknown
Download Kevin Michael Music!

Featuring Wyclef Jean

Wyclef in the area
Kevin Michael in the area
What we tell the girls
I got love for you
Ehh, I got love for you
Well all the Black,
Well all the White,
Well all the Asian,
Caribbean, The African,
The Latin Women,
The European, Middle Eastern,
And the Indian, this one goes Out to all the girls around the Nation.

(1st Verse)

All you gotta do is look at me
Three generations of my family, you see
People treat you different when your in between.
He was black and she was white
You know that most people thought that it wasn't right
I can still remember what she used to say.

(Chorus)

It don't make any difference to me (One Love)
What the world thinks about us baby (One Love)
Cause in my heart I will always believe (One Love)
That we were meant for each other,
Love ain't got no color,
It don't make any difference to me.
Well all the Black,
Well all the White,
Well all the Asian,
Caribbean, The African,
The Latin Women,
The European, Middle Eastern,
And the Indian, this one goes Out to all the girls around the Nation.

(2nd Verse)
[ Don't Make A Difference To Me lyrics found on http://www.completealbumlyrics.com ]

Everytime I look at you
Deep in your brown eyes I see what your going through
The streets are different if your in between.
I can feel it everyday, whispers of words
That they think I don't hear them say
Before you let a tear fall, remember girl

(Chorus)

It don't make any difference to me (One Love)
What the world thinks about us baby (One Love)
Cause in my heart I will always believe (One Love)
That we were meant for each other,
Love ain't got no color,
It don't make any difference to me.

(3rd verse)
Maybe things don't change,
But it's still the same
We gon find a way that we can maintain
Even thouhg it might get a little bit colder,
But always remember girl, that we're inseperable.

(Chorus x2)

It don't make any difference to me
What the world thinks about us baby
Cause in my heart I will always believe
That we were meant for each other,
Love ain't got no color,
It don't make any difference to me.
Well all the Black,
Well all the White,
Well all the Asian,
Caribbean, The African,
The Latin Women,
The European, Middle Eastern,
And the Indian, this one goes Out to all the girls around the Nation.
I got love for you
Ehh, I got love for you
I got love for you
Ehh, I got love for you!

-Made by: Carla!

5. UNKLEJAM - Love Ya
Added by Site Admin on 2007-07-01
Rate this song 1 2 3 4 5
Rating Not rated
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Whoooooooaaaaa
Uhhhh
Everybody just shake it
Uhhhh
Hey
Uhhhh
Everybody just shake it
Uhhhh

Mama your dead rover
Capping balls brings song show with that
Thong thong thong thong thong thong
Tired of pullin your side your making me feel
I wish you were my my mine

C'mon girl
Shake it, shake it, shake it, shake it
Shake it girl like it's your Birthday
I'm gonna be your Birthday pressie
Shake it, shake it, shake
[x2]

I think I Love Ya
I Love Ya
I Love Ya

Ohhhhhh yeah yeah yeah

I think I Love Ya
I Love Ya
I Love Ya

La-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la

Mama your dead rover
Shaking me so strong
Go bum bum bum bum bum bum bumping
On the beat its killin me
You smell so sweet good enough to eat yeah

Shake it, shake it, shake it, shake it
Shake it girl like it's your Birthday
I'm gonna be your Birthday pressie
Shake it, shake it, shake

C'mon girl
Shake it, shake it, shake it, shake it
Shake it girl like it's your Birthday
I'm gonna be your Birthday pressie
Shake it, shake it, shake

I think I Love Ya
I Love Ya
I Love Ya

Ohhhhhh yeah yeah yeah

I think I Love Ya
I Love Ya
Find More lyrics at www.sweetslyrics.com
I Love Ya

La-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la

Do you want to me scream?... Yeah
Do you want to me scream?... Yeah
Do you want to me scream?... Yeah

Whoooooooaaaaaa

Do you want to me scream?... Yeah
Do you want to me scream?... Yeah
Do you want to me scream?... Yeah

Waaaaaaaoooooo

Shake it, shake it, shake it, shake it
Shake it girl like it's your Birthday
I'm gonna be your Birthday pressie
Shake it, shake it, shake

C'mon girl
Shake it, shake it, shake it, shake it
Shake it girl like it's your Birthday
I'm gonna be your Birthday pressie
Shake it, shake it, shake

I think I Love Ya
I Love Ya
I Love Ya

Ohhhhhh yeah yeah yeah

I think I Love Ya
I Love Ya
I Love Ya

La-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la

I think I Love Ya
I Love Ya
I Love Ya

Ohhhhhh yeah yeah yeah

I think I Love Ya
I Love Ya
I Love Ya

La-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la

Everybody just shake it
Everybody just shake it
Everybody just shake it

Ohhhhhh yeah yeah yeah

Everybody just shake it
Everybody just shake it
Everybody just shake it

Ohhhhhh yeah yeah yeah

MARK RONSON LYRICS

6. Send "Toxic" Ringtone to your Cell


"Toxic"
(feat. Tiggers)

Baby, can't you see
I'm calling
A guy like you
Should wear a warning
It's dangerous
I'm fallin'

There's no escape
I can't hide
I need a hit
Baby, give me it
You're dangerous
I'm lovin' it

Too high
Can't come down
Losing my head
Spinning 'round and 'round
Do you feel me now

With a taste of your lips
I'm on a ride
You're toxic
I'm slipping under
With a taste of poison paradise
I'm addicted to you
Don't you know that you're toxic
And I love what you do
Don't you know that you're toxic

It's getting late
To give it up
I took a sip
From my devil cup
Slowly
It's taking over me

Too high
Can't come down
It's in the air
And it's all around
Can you feel me now

With a taste of your lips
I'm on a ride
You're toxic
I'm slipping under
With a taste of poison paradise
I'm addicted to you
Don't you know that you're toxic
And I love what you do
Don't you know that you're toxic

Don't you know that you're toxic

Taste of my lips and having fun

With a taste of your lips
I'm on a ride
You're toxic
I'm slipping under
With a taste of poison paradise
I'm addicted to you
Don't you know that you're toxic
And I love what you do
Don't you know that you're toxic

With a taste of your lips
I'm on a ride
You're toxic
I'm slipping under
With a taste of poison paradise
I'm addicted to you
Don't you know that you're toxic
And I love what you do
Don't you know that you're toxic

I'm intoxicated now
I think you'll love it now
I think I'm ready now
I think I'm ready now
I'm intoxicated now
I think you'll love it now
I think I'm ready now




7. Datarock
Fa-Fa-Fa lyrics
Send "Fa-Fa-Fa" Ringtone to your Cell
Songwriters: Mosnes, Ketil; Saroea, Fredrik



Send "Fa-Fa-Fa" Ringtone to your Cell

Fa-Fa-Fa lyrics © Nettwerk One Music Limited

JOSS STONE LYRICS

Send "Tell Me 'Bout It" Ringtone to your Cell


"Tell Me 'Bout It"

[Raphael]
[INTRO]
Joss, how much lovin do you need
Do you need it once a day
Twice a day, three times a day, four times a day
You gotta let me know

[Joss]
[VERSE]
I need a little lovin' at least two times a day
So when I call ya boy, you better run here right away
Let's have a show of hands, who's addicted to their man
If I could do the things I want to you, you'd be changing all your plans
You wanna say I'm yours, I wanna say get it
You wanna say, so say, I know what you're thinking babe

[CHORUS]
So tell me babe
(Tell me 'bout it)
Tell me how I feel
(How you feel)
And if the feeling's real
(Feeling's real)
Tell me what's the deal , hey hey hey
Tell me 'bout it
Tell you how I feel
How it feels
And if the feeling's real
Feeling's real
Let's seal the deal
Hey Hey Hey

[VERSE]
What you think about me and you being together
Could you brink to share my cold and stormy weather??
Have you got this under control
Show me you know about a woman's soul

[CHORUS]
So tell me babe
(Tell me 'bout it)
Tell me how I feel
(How you feel)
And if the feeling's real
(Feeling's real)
Tell me what's the deal , hey hey hey
Tell me 'bout it
Tell you how I feel
How it feels
And if the feeling's real
Feeling's real
Let's seal the deal
Hey Hey Hey

[VERSE]
I'll make you feel the way you wanna feel
I love how it's real we're one in two minds
Maybe it will stick you'd better be quick
I hope that you heard me right
Tell me tell me cause I won't wait suspense I just hate so spit it out now
If you're feeling like I do, won't you come and do it to me
So tell me babe

[CHORUS]
So tell me babe
(Tell me 'bout it)
Tell me how I feel
(How you feel)
And if the feeling's real
(Feeling's real)
Tell me what's the deal , hey hey hey
Tell me 'bout it
Tell you how I feel
How it feels
And if the feeling's real
Feeling's real
Let's seal the deal
Hey Hey Hey

[BRIDGE / OUTRO]
Tell me bout it
Tell me bout it baby
Tell me bout it
Tell me bout it baby
Mmm
I really wanna know
Come on now what's your story
Tell me
Tell me baby
Tell me baby



[Thanks to Louise for these lyrics]


8. THE HIVES LYRICS

Send "Well All Right!" Ringtone to your Cell


"Well All Right!"

Yeah [x8]

Well All right! I know just what you mean
Well All right! And I know that it might seem
Well All right! I should have better things to do
Well All right! I'm so sick of it, this won't do

First in line but last to know
Move too fast but think too slow
People see me and they go AAAAHHHH!!!!

Whoo Hoo! [x8]

Everyone's a loser in the modern world
Look at all the sad and gloomy little boys and girls
All of you got troubles all of you got woes
Shake the chips off your shoulders here is how it goes

Juggling chainsaws with just one hand
Falling down the stairs with a marching band
Swim across the ocean in a concrete suit
Trying to grow a beard but still look cute

Whoo Hoo! [x8]

On and on the world spins round
It's enough to get you down
But I don't worry cause sometimes you just have to...
Whoooo Hoooo!

Yeah [x8]

Well All right! I know just what you mean
Well All right! And I know that it might seem
Well All right! I should have better things to do
Well All right! I'm so sick of it, this won't do

First in line but last to know
Move too fast but think too slow
People see me and they go... scuse me!

Whoo Hoo! [x16]

Everyone's a loser in the modern world
Look at all the sad and gloomy little boys and girls
All of you got troubles all of you got woes
Shake the chips off your shoulders here is how it goes....
Whoooo Hoooo!



[Thanks to Evelyn for these lyrics]

NBA 08 Music

* Aasim - Customer
* The Cool Kids - 88
* Datarock - Fa-Fa-Fa
* DJ Jazzy Jeff feat. CL Smooth - All I Know
* DJ Vadim feat. Emo and Syrus - Fear Feats
* Dub Pistols feat. Terry Hall - Running from the Thoughts
* Eve - Tambourine
* Joss Stone - Tell Me 'bout It
* Kevin Michael feat. Wyclef Jean - It Don't Make Any Difference To Me
* Kid Beyond - Mothership
* KRS-One & Marley Marl - Hip-Hop Lives
* LCD Soundsystem - Us v Them
* Mark Ronson feat. Tiggers - Toxic
* Mr. J. Medeiros - Silent Earth [Ohmega Watts Remix]
* Stephen Marley - Hey Baby
* The D.E.Y. - Get the Feeling
* The Hives - Well All Right!
* Timbaland feat. Keri Hilson - The Way I Are
* Unklejam - Love Ya

Lyrical Research

Scorpions

Send Me An Angel lyrics

Songwriters: Meine, Klaus; Schenker, Rudolph

http://www.lyricsmode.com/

Scorpions

Lady Starlight lyrics

Walking through a winter night,

Counting the stars

And passing time

I dream about the summer days,

Love in the sun

And lonely bays

I see the stars, they're miles and miles away

Like our love,

On one of these lonely winter nights

Dreaming through a winter night,

Memories of you are passing by

It seems to me like yesterday

I think you knew I couldn't stay

I see the stars, they're miles and miles away

Like our love

Lady starlight, help me to find my love

Lady starlight, help me tonight

Help me to find my love

Walking through a winter night,

Counting the stars

And passing time

Snow dances with the wind

I wish, I could be with you again

I see the stars, they're miles and miles away

Like our love

Lady starlight, help me to find my love

Lady starlight, help me tonight

Help me to find my love

Lady starlight, help me tonight

Help me to find my love

Lady starlight, help me tonight

Help me to find my love

Send "Lady Starlight" Ringtone to your Cell

Scorpions

No Pain No Gain lyrics

Send "No Pain No Gain" Ringtone to your Cell

Songwriters: Hudson, Mark; Schenker, Rudolph; Meine, Klaus

Shakira

Underneath Your Clothes lyrics

Songwriters: Mebarak, Shakira; Mendez, Lester

Michael Cretu

Moonlight Flower lyrics

Come with me in the silence of darkness

I want to show you secrets of life

I will guide you where dreams could't take you

She seldom flew away in the night

You're the moonlight flower

You're the voice of the night.

When you call I'll follow.

We'll leave on the trip of delight.

I have been to the heights of my senses.

Feeling the touch of your cures,

I have seen the magic things under night skies.

Until the sunrise ended the spell.

You're the moonlight flower

You're the voice of the night.

When you call I'll follow.

We'll leave on the trip of delight.

Leona Lewis

Better In Time lyrics

It's been the longest winter without you

I didn't know where to turn to

See somehow I can't forget you

After all that we've been through

Going coming

Thought I heard a knock

Who's there no one

Thinking that I deserve it

Now I realize that I really didn't know

If you didn't notice you mean everything

Quickly I'm learning to love again

All that I know is I'mma be ok

[Chorus:]

Thought I couldn't live without you

It's gonna hurt when it heals too

It'll all get better in time

Even though I really love you

I'm gonna smile cause I deserve to

It'll all get better in time

I couldn't turn on the TV

Without something there to remind me

Was it all that easy

To just put aside your feelings

If I'm dreaming don't wanna laugh

Hurt my feelings but that's the path

I'll believe in

And I know time will heal it

If you didn't notice boy you mean everything

Quickly I'm learning to love again

All I know is I'mma be ok

[Chorus:]

Thought I couldn't live without you

It's gonna hurt when it heals too

It'll all get better in time

Even though I really love you

I'm gonna smile cause I deserve to

It'll all get better in time

Since there's no more you and me

It's time I let you go

So I can be free

And live my life how it should be

No matter how hard it is I'll be fine without you

Yes I will

[Chorus: x2]

Thought I couldn't live without you

It's gonna hurt when it heals too

It'll all get better in time

Even though I really love you

I'm gonna smile cause I deserve to (yes I do)

It'll all get better in time

1 year ago 5

Come with me in the silence of darkness

I want to show you secrets of life

I will guide you where dreams could't take you

She seldom flew away in the night

You're the moonlight flower

You're the voice of the night.

When you call I'll follow.

We'll leave on the trip of delight.

I have been to the heights of my senses.

Feeling the touch of your cures,

I have seen the magic things under night skies.

Until the sunrise ended the spell.

MICHAEL CRETU LOVE ME LYRICS

Love me and do not ever leave me

You're the only one

You're not just for fun

Love me, don't believe them when they say

I don't really care

That just isn't fair

REFRAIN:

`Cause babe, I believe you so

I will always be true to you

Never mind how I sometimes act

My feelings are the same

CHORUS:

Love me, need me

That's all I want from you

Love me, believe me

And always be true

Love me, don't leave me

Without you

My life would be blue

Love me and don't ever doubt it

At the very start

You were in my heart

Show me the way into your feelings

I'll do ev'rythin'

I'll give you a ring

REFRAIN:

Whatever you want from me

If you love me or will agree

Be my queen and I'll be your king

Wouldn't that be exciting?

CHORUS:

Love me, need me

That's all I want from you

Love me, believe me

And always be true

Love me, don't leave me

Without you

My life would be blue

Love me, need me

That's all I want from you

Love me, believe me

And always be true

Love me, don't leave me

Without you

My life would be blue

Love me, need me

That's all I want from you

Love me, believe me

And always be true

Love me, don't leave me

Without you

My life would be blue

Herbs for your Heart

Motherwort

Jump to: navigation, search
Text document with red question mark.svg
This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but

its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by

introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (July 2009)
Leonurus cardiaca
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Genus: Leonurus
Species: L. cardiaca
Binomial name
Leonurus cardiaca
L.

Motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca) is a herbaceous perennial plant in the mint family,

Lamiaceae. Other common names include Throw-wort, Lion's Ear, and Lion's Tail. The latter

two are also common names for Leonotis leonurus. Originally from Central Asia it is now

found worldwide, spread largely due to its use as a herbal remedy.

L. cardiaca has a square stem and opposite leaves. The leaves are palmately lobed; basal

leaves are wedge shaped with three points and while the upper leaves are more latticed.

Flowers appear in leaf axils on the upper part of the plant and it blooms between June -

August. The flowers are small, pink to lilac in colour often with furry lower lips. The

plant grows to about 60-100 cm in height. It can be found along roadsides and in vacant

fields and other disturbed areas.
[edit] Medicinal uses

Motherwort has a long history of use as a herb in traditional medicine in Central Europe,

Asia and North America. Like stinging nettle or dandelion, it has been used for a variety of

ills, and consumed. Midwives use it for a variety of purposes, including uterine tonic and

prevention of uterine infection in women, hence the name Motherwort.

The herb contains the alkaloid leonurine,[1] which is a mild vasodilator and has a relaxing

effect on smooth muscles. For this reason, it has long been used as a cardiac tonic,

nervine, and an emmenagogue. Among other biochemical constituents, it also contains bitter

iridoid glycosides, diterpinoids, flavonoids (including rutin and quercetin), tannins,

volatile oils, and vitamin A.

Susun Weed recommends it for combating stress and promoting relaxation during pregnancy,

also claiming that, given during labor, it prevents hemorrhage. Michael Tierra, on the other

hand, contraindicates it for internal use during pregnancy, claiming that it has the

tendency to cause bleeding and may induce miscarriage. It was historically used in China to

prevent pregnancy and to regulate menstruation. Motherwort is also used to ease stomach gas

and cramping, menopausal problems, and insomnia, although Susun Weed warns it may be habit

forming if used regularly to combat sleeplessness. According to Tierra, the traditional

Chinese medicine energy and flavors are bitter, spicy, and slightly cold, and the systems

affected are the pericardium and liver. The fresh or dried leaves (which are called yìmucao,

???) are used, and the recommended dosage is the standard infusion of one ounce herb to one

pint boiling water or 10-30 drops of tincture three times daily.



Yi Mu Cao enters the Bladder Heart and Liver meridians in TCM theory. As a blood

invigorator, it is currently used to regulate menstruation involving blood stasis, for post

partum abdominal pain, for Damp heat skin conditions, and as a diuretic to reduce swelling

and oedema.
References

1. ^ Kuhn, Merrily A.; Winston, David; Marderosian, Ara Harold, Der (2000). Herbal

therapy supplements: a scientific traditional approach. Philadelphia: Lippincott. pp. 232.

ISBN 978-0-7817-2643-6.

* Blanchan, Neltje (2005). Wild Flowers Worth Knowing. Project Gutenberg Literary

Archive Foundation.
* Lust, John The Herb Book (1974) New York, New York: Bantam.
* Moore, Michael Medicinal Plants of the Mountain West (1979) Santa Fe, New Mexico: The

Museum of New Mexico Press
* Tierra, Michael The Way of Herbs (1980) New York, New York: Pocket Books.
* Weed, Susun S. Wise Woman Herbal for the Childbearing Year (1986) Woodstock, New York.


Stub icon This Lamiaceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Resolved Question
Show me another »
My heartbeat is very fast when I wake up?
Everytime before I wake up I feel my heat beat is very fast. and I feel whole my body can't

move (freeze). I don't know why... because of that. i will wake up and feel my hear beat

again. anybody can help me why I feel that? I am afraid I have heart attack like my grand

father who has died when i was 3 years old ='( (additional information i am still 19) is it

possible?

* 2 weeks ago

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izzy by izzy
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Best Answer - Chosen by Voters
It sounds more like anxiety than anything else. Not surprising loving your grandfather and

remembering the shock to your family of his death.

Talk to your doctor who will listen to your heart and order tests - IF necessary.

As for not being able to move...
Sleep paralysis usually happens when someone is just entering or leaving sleep, and lasts

from a few seconds to a couple of minutes. Most research has linked it with REM, or rapid

eye movement, sleep which indicates dreaming.
'The connection with the environment switches on and the dream world off and you become

self-aware and awake and wanting to go - and then you find you can't,' explains psychologist

and pharmacologist Dr Chris Idzkowski, director of the Sleep Assessment Advisory Service.

'Which, in turn, is likely to lead to your being anxious and fearful.'
Source(s):
http://www.guardian.co.uk/theobserver/20…

* 2 weeks ago
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Specialist Herbal Supplies

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Heart and Circulation Products

Heart imageWe have a number of products which are good for circulation. Our leading product

for circulation is the fantastic 90-day Heart and Circulation Programme. This includes Ht

Capsules, based on the well known Hawthorn Berry; Bl-Circ Capsules - a great circulation

formula, including Cayenne Pepper, Ginger and Siberian Ginseng, and Power Garlic - our

specially processed and low-odour garlic capsules. One capsule is equivalent to eating a

clove of garlic. If you order the full 3 month programme - as opposed to just a one month

pack - you receive 10% discount.

If you do not want a full programme, then consider a 3-month course of any of:
- Ht Capsules - particularly for heart support,
- Cayenne Capsules or Bl-Circ Capsules - particularly good for blood circulation and helping

maintain a healthy blood pressure, or
- Power Garlic - good for circulation and healthy blood pressure as well as a good support

for immune nutrition - i.e. to feed the immune system and help keep it strong.

90-day Heart and Circulation Programme
90-day Heart and Circulation Programme

Our unique 90-day programme for heart and circulation, containing 3 products - Ht Capsules,

Bl-Circ Capsules and Power Garlic Capsules - plus a comprehensive explanatory pamphlet.

Great support for the heart and circulation. This is the best choice if you are serious

about supporting you heart and circulation.

Ginkgo Capsules and Drops
Ginkgo Capsules and Drops

Ginkgo is one of the best known herbs in the UK. Can help maintain good blood circulation to

the body. Ginkgo also has a strong reputation for helping maintain a good memory.

Cayenne Capsules
Cayenne Capsules

Cayenne is a great support for the heart, circulation, arteries, veins and blood pressure.

Cayenne is a fantastic herb - a great favourite for many herbalists. It is hard to take

enough on your food - so capsules are ideal. Try 1, 3 times a day, generally taken with each

meal.

Power Garlic Capsules
Power Garlic Capsules

Power Garlic Capsules are our powerful, and very popular, low odour garlic. One Power Garlic

capsule is equivalent to a whole clove of garlic - but without the smell. Patented

low-temperature drying method. A great help for heart and arteries as well as lungs and

immune system.

Bl-Circ Capsules
Bl-Circ Capsules

Bl-Circ Capsules are great formulation of Dr Christopher's to support good blood

circulation. Use this formula, including Cayenne, Hawthorn, and Siberian Ginseng, to support

blood circulation and to help maintain healthy blood pressure.

Ht Capsules
Ht Capsules

Ht Capsules is great formula based on Hawthorn Berry, a herbal berry long used by herbalists

to help support heart, arteries and veins. We recommend a 3 month course.

Hawthorn Drops
Hawthorn Drops

Hawthorn berry is a lovely herb to help maintain good function of the heart and blood

vessels. A gentle remedy, popular among herbalists. A 3 month course is a good length of

time to take Hawthorn Drops.

Motherwort Capsules and Drops
Motherwort Capsules and Drops

Motherwort is a lovely herb for several reasons. It has fallen out of use over the past 50

years, but was widely used prior to this. Firstly it supports the heart and circulation;

secondly, it is used for women - to help during menopause and help maintain a comfortable

menstrual cycle; thirdly it is used for maintaing a good energy level. Truly a multi-purpose

herb. We suggest a 3 month course, initially, then re-assess the benefits.

Lime Blossom Drops
Lime Blossom Drops

Lime Blossom is used for several purposed. Firstly, it can support a relaxed state.

Secondly, it can be taken at night, just before bed, to maintain a good sleep pattern.

Thirdly, it appears to help maintain normal blood pressure.


Contact us for Information & Support

Email Phone Letter

Please contact us for help and support or with any queries you may have.

Contact us, by:Portslade Hall

* Phone
* Email
* Post or Freepost
* Fax
* International contact

We are a mail order company, but if you are in the Portslade area, feel free to pop in to

Portslade Hall and buy some herbs. Or just come and meet us.

Most people like either to telephone us:

0845 053 5433

or to:

email us at moc.001shs@selas


Other contact details:

Address:

Specialist Herbal Supplies
Portslade Hall
18 Station Road
Portslade
BN41 1GB
United Kingdom

Freepost address: (please use this address for returning goods from within the UK)

Freepost (Br1396)
Hove
BN41 1ZZ

You can use this address to return good to us from withing the UK. Simply package up your

items securely, write the freepost address on it, and post in a postbox or at a post office.

No stamp is necessary.

Fax: 01273 424345



International Contact

International Telephone

+44 1273 424333

International Fax

+44 1273 424345

Sell Motherwort extract

The ancient Romans and Greeks believed that Motherwort treated all matters of the heart from

lovesickness to cardiac arrest (hence the botanical name roughly translated to Lion's

Heart). There is little evidence that Motherwort or Heartwort as it is often called, has any

beneficial effect on heart disease although there may be recent Chinese studies that show an

indication that this herb may have some ability to relax cells and therefore the heart cells

too. The plant grows wild all over Europe and Asia and all of the plant is harvested and

used. It is used for :sedative ,insomania ,anxiety ,diaphoretic ,irritability . Leourine:

Encourages uterine contractions. Assists in childbirth. Pregnant women should not take this

substance as it could induce labor. It is not an aid to fertility, in fact the tendency to

contract the uterus may have a slight contraceptive effect. Iridoids. Iridoids are the most

bitter compound found in plants. These bitter compounds stimulate release of bile flow in

the gut as well as stimulating digestive secretion. Iridoids are anti-inflammatory (not as

strong as in other constituents, iridoids have some anti-inflammatory effects but should not

be used purely for this purpose), hypotensive and febrifuge. Some iridoids are laxative and

antimicrobial. Diterpenes: A bitter tasting terpenoid used widely as a stomachic. Diterpenes

are believed to help with hypertension and respiratory tract complaints such as catarrh

bronchitis and colds. Some diterpenes are believed to have tumour inhibitor properties as

well as a stimulating effect on the immune system. Flavonoids: Flavonoids occur (as white

and yellow plant pigments found almost as commonly as chlorophyll) as Glycosides or in a

free state. In plants it is essential for protecting plant tissue from UV radiation and acts

as antioxidants. As pigments it is also responsible for Autumn colors in leaves and

yellow/red pigmentation in flowers. Laboratory experiments have been conducted on the

beneficiary effect of Flavonoids on the heart and circulatory system. Flavonoids are also

used to mitigate stress, especially environmental stress. Flavonoids are often used for

their antioxidant effect against free radicals. There are also strong indications that they

have antiviral, anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertensive properties but dosage has not been

determined which will obviously have a profound effect on their efficacy as a component of

this herb. Typical Extracts Specification: Product Name: motherwort extract Typical

Specification: 10:1 20:1 4% iridoids Part Used: whole herb Care: Keep in sandy soil that is

well drained. Potted plants need filtered sun or full shade

CONTACT US NOW:
ATTN: Ms.Megan
Fax: 0086-731- 4834162
Login for more contact information.
Samaras
Samaras are similar to the above two fruit types, except that they are equipped with

"wings," which help them travel by wind. In our neighborhoods, samaras appear on trees such

as maple and ash. The samaras pictured here are those of Boxelder, a common street tree of

eastern North America, a member of the maple family. You can see that each of the four

pictured samaras has a bulging, roundish area at the base, which is the seed, and then a

long, flat, veiny wing. Since samaras have only one wing, when they are torn away by the

wind, instead of sailing like a plane, they spin in the air, round and round. Because of the

spinning, some kids call them "helicopters."

Herbal search

Chinese herbology
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For non-Chinese traditions of herbology, see herbalism.
Dried herbs and plant portions for Chinese herbology at a Xi'an market

Chinese Herbology (simplified Chinese: 中药学; traditional Chinese: 中藥學; pinyin: zhōngyào xué) or 中药(zhōngyào), is the common name for the subject of Chinese materia medica[clarification needed]. It includes the basic theory of Chinese materia medica, "crude medicine," "prepared drug in slices" (simplified Chinese: 饮片; traditional Chinese: 飲片; pinyin: yǐnpiàn) and traditional Chinese patent medicines and simple preparations' source, collection and preparation, performance, efficacy, and clinical applications.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Role in Chinese medicine
* 2 History of Chinese herbology
* 3 Categorizing Chinese herbs
o 3.1 The Four Natures
o 3.2 The Five Tastes
o 3.3 The Meridians
* 4 Chinese patent medicine
* 5 Herbs in use
o 5.1 Ginseng
o 5.2 Wolfberry
o 5.3 Dong Guai
o 5.4 Astragalus
o 5.5 Atractylodes
o 5.6 Bupleurum
o 5.7 Cinnamon
o 5.8 Coptis chinensis
o 5.9 Ginger
o 5.10 Licorice
o 5.11 Ephedra
o 5.12 Peony
o 5.13 Rehmannia
o 5.14 Rhubarb
o 5.15 Salvia
* 6 50 fundamental herbs
* 7 Other Chinese herbs
* 8 References
o 8.1 Footnotes
o 8.2 General references
* 9 See also
* 10 External links
o 10.1 Educational resources

[edit] Role in Chinese medicine
Ginger is consumed in China as food and as medicine.

Chinese materia medica (simplified Chinese: 中药; traditional Chinese: 中藥; pinyin: zhōngyào), is also the medicine based on traditional Chinese medicine theory. it includes Chinese crude medicine, prepared drug in slices of Chinese materia medica, traditional Chinese patent medicines and simple preparations, etc.

Herbology is not the Chinese art of combining medicinal herbs.

Herbology is one of the more important modalities utilized in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Each herbal medicine prescription is a cocktail of many herbs tailored to the individual patient. One batch of herbs is typically decocted twice over the course of one hour. The practitioner usually designs a remedy using one or two main ingredients that target the illness. Then the practitioner adds many other ingredients to adjust the formula to the patient's yin/yang conditions. Sometimes, ingredients are needed to cancel out toxicity or side-effects of the main ingredients. Some herbs require the use of other ingredients as catalyst or else the brew is ineffective. The latter steps require great experience and knowledge, and make the difference between a good Chinese herbal doctor and an amateur. Unlike western medications, the balance and interaction of all the ingredients are considered more important than the effect of individual ingredients. A key to success in TCM is the treatment of each patient as an individual.

Chinese herbology often incorporates ingredients from all parts of plants, such as the leaf, stem, flower, root, and also ingredients from animals and minerals. The use of parts of endangered species (such as seahorses, rhinoceros horns, and tiger bones) has created controversy and resulted in a black market of poachers who hunt restricted animals. Many herbal manufacturers have discontinued the use of any parts from endangered animals.
[edit] History of Chinese herbology
Chinese pharmacopoeia

Chinese herbs have been used for centuries. The first herbalist in Chinese tradition is Shennong, a mythical personage, who is said to have tasted hundreds of herbs and imparted his knowledge of medicinal and poisonous plants to farmers. The first Chinese manual on pharmacology, the Shennong Bencao Jing (Shennong Emperor's Classic of Materia Medica), lists some 365 medicines of which 252 of them are herbs, and dates back somewhere in the 1st century C.E. Han dynasty. Earlier literature included lists of prescriptions for specific ailments, exemplified by a manuscript "Recipes for 52 Ailments", found in the Mawangdui tomb, sealed in 168 B.C.E.

Succeeding generations augmented on this work, as in the Yaoxing Lun (simplified Chinese: 药性论; traditional Chinese: 藥性論; also spelled Yao Xing Lun; literally "Treatise on the Nature of Medicinal Herbs"), a 7th century Tang Dynasty Chinese treatise on herbal medicine.

Arguably the most important of these was the Compendium of Materia Medica (Bencao Gangmu) compiled during the Ming dynasty by Li Shizhen, which is still used today for consultation and reference.

The history of this literature is presented in Paul U. Unschuld's "Medicine in China: a History of Pharmaceutics"; Univ. of Calif. Press, 1986.

The Shen Nong's Herbal Classic, a 2000-year old medicinal Chinese book considered today as the oldest book on oriental herbal medicine, classifies 365 species of roots, grass, woods, furs, animals and stones into three categories of herbal medicine:

* The first category, called "superior", includes herbs effective for multiple diseases and are mostly responsible for maintaining and restoring the body balance. They have almost no unfavorable side-effects.
* The second category comprises tonics and boosters, for which their consumption must not be prolonged.
* The third category must be taken, usually in small doses, and for the treatment of specific ailments only.

Lingzhi ranked number one of the superior medicines, and was therefore the most exalted medicine in ancient times.[1] The ancient Chinese use of medicinal mushrooms has inspired modern day research into mushrooms like shiitake, Agaricus blazei, Trametes versicolor, and of course lingzhi. Although a 2008 Review, by UC Davis, concluded that there is not enough evidence yet to promote the use of mushrooms or mushroom extracts in the treatment of disease, it stressed the urgency of further research and future clinical trials due to large numbers of promising in vivo and in vitro experiments.[2]
[edit] Categorizing Chinese herbs
A Chinese herb shop in Vancouver, Canada

Chinese physicians used several different methods to classify traditional Chinese herbs:

* The Four Natures (pinyin: sìqì; simplified Chinese: 四气; traditional Chinese: 四氣; or 四性)
* The Five Tastes (五味; pinyin: wǔwèi)
* The meridians (pinyin: jīngluò; simplified Chinese: 经络; traditional Chinese: 經絡; )

The earlier (Han through Tang eras) Ben Cao (Materia Medicae) began with a three-level categorization:

* Low level -- drastic acting, toxic substances;
* Middle level -- medicinal physiological effects;
* High level -- health and spirit enhancement

During the neo-Confucian Song-Jin-Yuan era (10th to 12th Centuries), the theoretical framework from acupuncture theory (which was rooted in Confucian Han theory) was formally applied to herbal categorization (which was earlier more the domain of Daoist natural science). In particular, alignment with the Five Phases (Wu Xing) and the 12 channels (meridian) theory came to be used after this period.
[edit] The Four Natures

This pertains to the degree of yin and yang, namely cold (extreme yin), cool, warm and hot (extreme yang). The patient's internal balance of yin and yang is taken into account when the herbs are selected. For example, medicinal herbs of "hot", yang nature are used when the person is suffering from internal cold that requires to be purged, or when the patient has a general cold constituency. Sometimes an ingredient is added to offset the extreme effect of one herb.
[edit] The Five Tastes

The five tastes are pungent, sweet, sour, bitter and salty, and each taste has a different set of functions and characteristics. For example, pungent herbs are used to generate sweat and to direct and vitalize qi and the blood. Sweet-tasting herbs often tonify or harmonize bodily systems. Some sweet-tasting herbs also exhibit a bland taste, which helps drain dampness through diuresis. Sour taste most often is astringent or consolidates, while bitter taste dispels heat, purges the bowels and get rid of dampness by drying them out. Salty tastes soften hard masses as well as purge and open the bowels.
[edit] The Meridians

The meridians refer to which organs the herb acts upon. For example, menthol is pungent, cool and is linked with the lungs and the liver. Since the lungs is the organ which protects the body from invasion from cold and influenza, menthol can help purge coldness in the lungs and invading heat toxins caused by hot "wind."
[edit] Chinese patent medicine
Main article: Chinese patent medicine
Characteristic little black pills of Chinese patent medicine

Chinese patent medicine (traditional Chinese: 中成藥, Simplified Chinese: 中成药, pinyin: zhōngchéng yào) is a kind of traditional Chinese medicine. They are standardized herbal formulas. Several herbs and other ingredients are dried and ground. They are then mixed into a powder and formed into pills. The binder is traditionally honey. They are characteristically little round black pills.

Chinese patent medicines are easy and convenient. They are not easy to customize on a patient-by-patient basis, however. They are best used when a patient's condition is not severe and the medicine can be taken as a long-term treatment.

These medicines are not "patented" in the traditional sense of the word. No one has exclusive rights to the formula. Instead, "patent" refers to the standardization of the formula. All Chinese patent medicines of the same name will have the same proportions of ingredients.
[edit] Herbs in use
Question book-new.svg
This section does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2008)
This section contains too many quotations for an encyclopedic entry. Please help improve the article by removing excessive quotations or transferring them to Wikiquote. Help is available. (October 2008)

The use of Chinese herbs is a very popular tradition. “Many of the modern day drugs have been developed from these herbs such as the treatments for asthma and hay fever from Chinese ephedra, hepatitis remedies from schizandra fruits and licorice roots and a number of anticancer agents from trees and shrubs”[cite this quote]. “There are several herbal drugs that invigorate the energy, nourish the blood, calm tension and regulate menstruation such as Bupleurum Sedative Pills and Women’s Precious Pills”[cite this quote]. There are over three hundred herbs that are commonly being used today that have a history that goes back at least 2,000 years.

“The two most common ways to using herbs are to make a strong tea that should be simmered for about an hour or possibly more, or to make large honey bound pills”[cite this quote].

Most Chinese herbs are usually used to help build and strengthen the body. The most commonly used herbs are Ginseng (人参, 人參, rénshēn), wolfberry (枸杞子), Dong Quai (Angelica sinensis, 当归, 當歸, dāngguī), astragalus (黄耆, 黃耆, huángqí), atractylodes (白术, 白朮, báizhú), bupleurum (柴胡, cháihú), cinnamon (cinnamon twigs (桂枝, guìzhī) and cinnamon bark (肉桂, ròuguì)), coptis (黄莲, 黃蓮, huánglián), ginger (姜, 薑, jiāng), hoelen (茯苓, fúlíng), licorice (甘草, gāncǎo), ephedra sinica (麻黄, 麻黃, máhuáng), peony (white: 白芍, báisháo and reddish: 赤芍, chìsháo), rehmannia (地黄, 地黃, dìhuáng), rhubarb (大黄, 大黃, dàhuáng), and salvia (丹参, 丹參, dānshēn). These are just a few of the herbs.
[edit] Ginseng
Chinese red ginseng roots

The use of ginseng (人参) is well over two thousand years old in Chinese medicine. Ginseng is known to help boost energy, reduce stress and increase endurance. Ginseng contains ginsenosides. The amount of ginsenosides in ginseng depends on how the plant was cultivated and the age of the root. Wild ginseng is rare and commands the highest prices on the market, but most ginseng on the market today is a reasonable price. Red Panax ginseng is the most popular form of ginseng and it is usually packaged as a liquid or tea. Ginseng comes in two kinds, red and white. The color of the ginseng depends on how it is processed. “White ginseng is unprocessed and dries naturally. Red ginseng is processed with steam and is believed to be more effective”. Native Americans have used American ginseng for dry coughs, constipation and fevers. “Many women found relief from night sweats and hot flushes from the use of American ginseng”. “The use of ginseng is a safe way to boost energy, vitality and your overall health”.
[edit] Wolfberry

Wolfberry (枸杞子) is grown in the Far East and is grown from shrubs with long vines. The shrubs are covered with small trumpet-shaped flowers, which turn into small, bright red berries. The berries are usually fresh and sometimes used when it is dried. “Goji Berry is mostly used to treat kidney, liver, eye, and skin problems, diabetes, tuberculosis, anxiety, and insomnia. It also helps to lower the blood pressure and cholesterol levels. They are known to improve the state of health, strengthen the immune system and increasing the longevity and vitality of the human kind”.
[edit] Dong Guai

Dong Guai (当归, Angelica sinensis or "female ginseng") is an “aromatic herb that grows in China, Japan and Korea. It is used to regulate the menstrual cycle and to treat menopausal symptoms caused by hormonal changes”. Even though it is good for women, it also helps treat the heart, spleen, liver and kidneys that help both men and women. The effect of the herb in treating menstrual cramps is explained by the compounds that help relax the muscle tissue and relieves pain. Dong Quai also stimulates the central nervous system, which can remedy menstrual weakness and headaches. “The use of this herb is mostly found in tea, herbal preparations, capsules and extracts. It usually comes in tablet, liquid extract and raw root forms. The best use of Dong Quai to provide long term relief from menopausal syndromes is to take it regularly for 8 to 12 weeks at a time”. “Using Dong Quai regularly relieves menstrual cramps, prevents the symptoms of menopause and PMS, corrects hormone imbalance and acts as a general tonic for the female reproductive system”. “There isn’t a certain amount of dosage for Dong Quai but in Chinese medicine Dong Quai is made in a special way- it is boiled or soaked in wine, then the liquid is taken orally while the root is being removed”. “In the United States and Europe, Dong Quai is a very popular flavoring component in food products such as ice cream, candy, gelatins and puddings but in Asia it is most likely used to treat female problems”.
[edit] Astragalus

Astragalus (黄耆) is a root used for immune deficiencies and allergies. “The Chinese use the dried sliced or powdered root to boost the immune system, to increase the body resistance to infections, healing allergies and to raise and renew vitality. Astragalus is usually mixed with other herbs to make tea such as ginseng and Codonopsis. Astragalus is known to help prevent diseases but not to cure them”.
[edit] Atractylodes

“Atractylodes (白术) is considered very important to the treatment of digestive disorders and problems of moisture accumulation. The herb helps move moisture from the digestive tract to the blood that reduces diarrhea, gas and bloating. Atractylodes is rarely if ever used by itself. It is usually included into tonic prescriptions”.
[edit] Bupleurum

“Bupleurum (柴胡) is useful for the treatment of liver diseases, skin ailments, arthritis, menopausal syndrome, withdrawal from corticosteroid use, nephritis, stress-induced ulcers, and mental disorders. Bupleurum is rich in saponins that reduce inflammation and regulates hormone levels. This specific herb isn’t to be used by itself, but combined with 4 to 12 other ingredients that is made into tea, pills or tablets.”
[edit] Cinnamon

“Cinnamon (桂枝, 肉桂) or mostly known as gui zhi and rou gui are twigs and bark from large tropical trees that warm the body, invigorate the circulation in the body, goes to all 12 channels (meridians) of the body, and harmonizes the energy of the upper and lower body”. Cinnamon also reduces allergy reactions. The herb is usually cooked together with other herbs to make tea that regulates the circulation of blood.
[edit] Coptis chinensis

Coptis chinensis (黄莲) is an underground stem that is one of the bitterest herbs used in Chinese medicine. “It is full of alkaloids that inhibit infections and calm nervous agitation”. Coptis is usually combined with other bitter-tasting herbs such as phellodendron, scutellaria and gardenia. This herb has many uses including the treatment of skin diseases, intestinal infections, hypertensions and insomnia. Since coptis is such a bitter tasting herb, it is often used to make pills or tablets.
[edit] Ginger

Ginger (干姜, 乾薑) is a herb and a spice that can be used for many uses even in Chinese cuisine. In this case, it is used in Chinese medicine. “Ginger is highly spicy and is beneficial to digestion, neutralizing poisons in food, ventilating the lungs, to warm the circulation to the limbs, diarrhea and heart conditions”. “Many herbalists use ginger to treat coughs and the common cold”. It is famous for treating nausea. Ginger is also used in making tea.
[edit] Licorice

The use of licorice(甘草) is to treat hepatitis, sore throat, and muscle spasms. When licorice is baked with honey it can also help in the treatment of hyperthyroidism and heart valve diseases. It is very often added to a Chinese formula to harmonize all of the herbs, as well as slow the speed that the formula is digested.
[edit] Ephedra

Ephedra (麻黄) is another type of herb. “Ma-huang is a stem-like herb that stimulates perspiration, opens the breathing passages and invigorates the central nervous system”. “It is said that ma-huang has a metabolic enhancer that can burn more calories for those that are trying to lose weight”. However, this can have dangerous side effects. Ma-huang can be made into a tea or can be used in an extract form but powdered ma-huang is rarely if ever used. Because of the marketed, over the counter use of ephedra as diet or energy pills, it is now no longer legally available to Chinese herbalists. The use of Ma Huang in the formula 'Ma Huang Tang' is a well known formula used for colds (wind-cold).
[edit] Peony

Peony (白芍, 赤芍) is also known as bai shao(white) and chi shao (red) is a flower where the Chinese use the root of the peony to regulate the blood. “The root of the peony relaxes the blood vessels, reduces platelet sticking, nourishes the blood and promotes circulation to the skin and extremities”. “The roots of both wild and cultivated are used. The wild peonies “red peony” (chi shao) are a fibrous root that is used to stimulate blood circulation. The cultivated peony “white peony” (bai shao) is a dense root that nourishes the blood. Peony is often combined with tang-kuei or licorice”. In TCM, it is known as a liver blood tonic.
[edit] Rehmannia

“Rehmannia (地黄) is a root where the dark, moist part of the herb is used to nourish the blood and the hormonal system. It is usually used in the treatment problems of aging because the herbs ability to restore the levels of several declining hormones. There are two forms of the herb that are currently used. One is designated sheng dihuang or raw rehmannia is given to reduce inflammation. The other designated shou dihuang or cooked rehmannia is used as a nourishing tonic. Often the two forms are combined together in equal proportions to address inflammatory problems. This herb is mostly used in making decoctions or dried decoctions”. This herb is in a famous formula called Liu Wei Di Huang Wan (6 Ingredient Rhemannia) which treats yin deficiency.
[edit] Rhubarb
Chinese rhubarb depicted by Michał Boym (1655)

“Rhubarb (大黄) is a large root and was once one of the first herbs that was imported from China. Rhubarb is a reliable laxative and it enhances the appetite when it is taken before meals in very small amounts. It also promotes blood circulation and relieving pain in cases of injury or inflammation and inhibiting intestinal infections. Rhubarb can also reduce autoimmune reactions. The impact of the rhubarb depends on how it is prepared. If the rhubarb is cooked for a long time, the laxative actions are reduced but other actions are retained”.
[edit] Salvia

“Salvia (丹参) are the deep roots of the Chinese sage plant. It is applied in cases where the body tissues have been damaged by disease or injury. Salvia is given for post-stroke syndrome, traumatic injury, chronic inflammation and/or infection, and degenerative diseases. It is best known for its ability to promote circulation in the capillary beds or the microcirculation system. Also, salvia lowers blood pressure, helps reduce cholesterol and enhances functions of the liver. Salvia can be taken alone or consumed with other herbs, teas or pills”.
[edit] 50 fundamental herbs

In Chinese herbology, there are 50 "fundamental" herbs, as given in the reference text [3], although these herbs are not universally recognized as such in other texts. The herbs are:

1. Agastache rugosa[4] - huò xiāng (藿香)[5]
2. Alangium chinense[6] - bā jiǎo fēng (八角枫)[7]
3. Anemone chinensis (syn. Pulsatilla chinensis)[8] - bái tóu weng (白头翁)[7][9]
4. Anisodus tanguticus - shān làng dàng (山莨菪)[10]
5. Ardisia japonica - zǐ jīn niú (紫金牛)[11]
6. Aster tataricus - zǐ wǎn (紫菀)
7. Astragalus propinquus (syn. Astragalus membranaceus)[12] - huáng qí (黄芪)[13] or běi qí (北芪)[13]
8. Camellia sinensis - chá shù (茶树) or chá yè (茶叶)
9. Cannabis sativa - dà má (大麻)
10. Carthamus tinctorius - hóng huā (红花)
11. Cinnamomum cassia - ròu gùi (肉桂)
12. Cissampelos pareira - xí shēng téng (锡生藤) or (亞乎奴)
13. Coptis chinensis - duǎn è huáng lián (短萼黄连)
14. Corydalis ambigua - yán hú suǒ (延胡索)
15. Croton tiglium - bā dòu (巴豆)
16. Daphne genkwa - yuán huā (芫花)
17. Datura metel - yáng jīn huā (洋金花)
18. Datura stramonium (syn. Datura tatula)[14] - zǐ huā màn tuó luó (紫花曼陀萝)
19. Dendrobium nobile - shí hú (石斛) or shí hú lán (石斛兰)
20. Dichroa febrifuga[15] - cháng shān (常山)
21. Ephedra sinica - cǎo má huáng (草麻黄)
22. Eucommia ulmoides - dù zhòng (杜仲)
23. Euphorbia pekinensis[16] - dà jǐ (大戟)
24. Flueggea suffruticosa (formerly Securinega suffruticosa) - yī yè qiū (一叶秋)[17]
25. Forsythia suspensa - liánqiào (连翘)
26. Gentiana loureiroi - dì dīng (地丁)
27. Gleditsia sinensis - zào jiá (皂荚)
28. Glycyrrhiza uralensis - gān cǎo (甘草)[18]
29. Hydnocarpus anthelminticus (syn. H. anthelminthica) - dà fēng zǐ (大风子)
30. Ilex purpurea - dōngqīng (冬青)
31. Leonurus japonicus - yì mǔ cǎo (益母草)
32. Ligusticum wallichii[19] - chuān xiōng (川芎)
33. Lobelia chinensis - bàn biān lián (半边莲)
34. Phellodendron amurense - huáng bǎi (黄柏)
35. Platycladus orientalis (formerly Thuja orientalis) - cèbǎi (侧柏)
36. Pseudolarix amabilis - jīn qián sōng (金钱松)
37. Psilopeganum sinense - shān má huáng (山麻黄)
38. Pueraria lobata - gé gēn (葛根)
39. Rauwolfia serpentina - shégēnmù (蛇根木), cóng shégēnmù (從蛇根木), or yìndù shé mù (印度蛇木)
40. Rehmannia glutinosa - dìhuáng (地黄) or gān dìhuáng (干地黄)[20]
41. Rheum officinale - yào yòng dà huáng (药用大黄)
42. Rhododendron tsinghaiense - Qīng hǎi dù juān (青海杜鹃)
43. Saussurea costus - yún mù xiāng (云木香)
44. Schisandra chinensis - wǔ wèi zi (五味子)
45. Scutellaria baicalensis - huáng qín (黄芩)
46. Stemona tuberosa - bǎi bù (百部)
47. Stephania tetrandra - fáng jǐ (防己)
48. Styphnolobium japonicum (formerly Sophora japonica) - huái (槐), huái shù (槐树), or huái huā (槐花)
49. Trichosanthes kirilowii - guā lóu (栝楼)
50. Wikstroemia indica - liǎo gē wáng (了哥王)

[edit] Other Chinese herbs

In addition to the above, many other Chinese herbs are in common use, and these include:

1. Akebia quinata (木通)
2. Arisaema cum Bile[21] (胆南星)
3. Arsenic trioxide (砒霜)
4. Arsenolite (砒石)
5. Aspongopus (九香虫)
6. Asteriscus Pseudosciaenae (鱼脑石)
7. Benzoinum (安息香)
8. Bombyx Batryticatus (僵蚕)
9. Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae (川贝母)
10. Bulbus Fritillariae Hupehensis (湖北贝母)
11. Bulbus Fritillariae Pallidiflorae (伊贝母)
12. Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii (浙贝母)
13. Bulbus Fritillariae Ussuriensis (平贝母)
14. Bulbus Lycoridis Radiatae (石蒜)
15. Cacumen Securinegae Suffruticosae (叶底珠)
16. Cacumen Tamaricis (西河柳)
17. Calamina (炉甘石)
18. Calculus Bovis (牛黄)
19. Calculus Equi (马宝)
20. Calomelas (轻粉)
21. Calyx seu Fructus Physalis (锦灯笼)
22. Caulis Ampelopsis Brevipedunculae (山葡萄)
23. Caulis Aristolochiae Manshuriensis (关木通)
24. Caulis Bambusae in Taeniam (竹茹)
25. Caulis Clematidis Armandii (川木通)
26. Caulis Entadae (过江龙)
27. Caulis Erycibes (丁公藤)
28. Caulis et Folium Piperis Hancei (山莒Ύ?΍)
29. Caulis et Folium Schefflerae Arboricolae (七叶莲)
30. Caulis Euphorbiae Antiquori (火殃ώ?΍)
31. Caulis Fibraureae (黄藤)
32. Caulis Gneti (买麻藤)
33. Caulis Hederae Sinensis (常春藤)
34. Caulis Impatientis (透骨草)
35. Caulis Lonicerae (忍冬藤)
36. Caulis Mahoniae (功劳木)
37. Caulis Perillae (紫苏梗)
38. Caulis Piperis Kadsurae (海风藤)
39. Caulis Polygoni Multiflori (首乌藤)
40. Caulis Sargentodoxae (大血藤)
41. Caulis Sinomenii (青风藤)
42. Caulis Spatholobi (鸡血藤)
43. Caulis Tinosporae (宽根藤)
44. Caulis Trachelospermi (络石藤)
45. Cera Chinensis (虫白蜡)
46. Chenpi (陳皮)
47. Cinnabaris (朱砂)
48. Clematis (威灵仙)
49. Colla Corii Asini (阿胶)
50. Concha Arcae (瓦楞子)
51. Concha Haliotidis (石决明)
52. Concha Margaritifera Usta (珍珠母)
53. Concha Mauritiae Arabicae (紫贝齿)
54. Concha Meretricis seu Cyclinae (蛤壳)
55. Concretio Silicea Bambusae (天竺黄)
56. Cordyceps sinensis (冬虫夏草)
57. Corium Erinacei seu Hemiechianus (刺Ώ?ϧ??)
58. Cornu Bubali (水牛角)
59. Cornu Cervi (鹿角)
60. Cornu Cervi Degelatinatum (鹿角霜)
61. Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum (鹿茸)
62. Cornu Saigae Tataricae (羚羊角)
63. Cortex Acanthopanacis (五加皮)
64. Cortex Ailanthi (椿皮)
65. Cortex Albiziae (合欢皮)
66. Cortex Cinchonae (金鸡纳皮)
67. Cortex Dictamni (白鲜皮)
68. Curcumae (郁金)
69. Dalbergia odorifera (降香)
70. Hirudo medicinalis (水蛭)
71. Myrrh (没药)
72. Olibanum (乳香)
73. Persicaria (桃仁)
74. Polygonium (虎杖)
75. Sparganium (三棱)
76. Zedoary (莪朮)
Motherwort
Motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca [Latin]), also called leonurus, lion’s tail, and heartwort, has been used to treat heart disease and depression for thousands of years. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) recommends motherwort to promote longevity and treat menstrual disorders. Today motherwort is still recommended by herbalists for treatment of heart palpitations and anxiety, and to encourage normal menstrual cycles.

Recent studies performed in China have shown that motherwort helps prevent blood clots relax the heart muscle, and lower blood pressure. Of course, anyone with a diagnosed or suspected heart condition should be under a doctor’s care.

Motherwort contains lionurine and stachydrine, alkaloids that not only help lower blood pressure but also have a sedating effect on the central nervous system, which supports motherwort’s traditional use as a treatment for depression anxiety.

The tranquilizing effects of this herb may benefit those experiencing anxiety as well as those having trouble sleeping. Laboratory studies have shown that the lionurine in motherwort also causes uterine contractions. Motherwort may indeed benefit women who are trying to induce menstruation, but those that are pregnant or trying to get pregnant should avoid motherwort altogether.

Motherwort is easy to grow; watch this plant or it could take over the garden! You can cut this plant and use the stem, leaves, or flowers in homemade herbal tea—use 2 teaspoons of dried motherwort to 1 cup of hot water for a homemade tea. You can drink up to 2 cups daily. Motherwort is also available at health food stores and some pharmacies in extracts, teas, capsules, and tablets. Just be sure to follow the dosage instructions on the package—too much motherwort can cause diarrhea and upset stomach.

Pregnant or nursing women should not take this herb. People taking blood thinners also should not consume motherwort since it may increase the effects of these drugs.
Ginkgo Biloba
Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo biloba [Latin]), also known as maidenhair tree, is the oldest species of tree on earth today; it’s been around since the days of the dinosaur. Ginkgo is immune to the effects of most diseases and parasites—a tree can live to be a thousand years old! Perhaps it’s not surprising, then, that this tree is used to promote longevity in humans as well.

For thousands of years the Chinese have used ginkgo leaves to treat disorders associated with aging. Today numerous scientific studies have shown that ginkgo does indeed help to slow memory loss in those suffering from Alzheimer’s, multi-infarct dementia (MID), and age-associated memory impairment (AAMI). Some studies suggest that ginkgo may even help reverse the effects of these illnesses to some extent.

Ginkgo fights against age-related disease in two ways. First, flavonoids in ginkgo act as antioxidants in the body and fight against the free-radical damage that causes the body to break down with age.

Second, ginkgo interferes with the action of a substance produced in the body called platelet activation factor (PAF), which can lead to excessive clotting in the blood and an accumulation of cholesterol—both conditions that may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis.

Recent research indicates that ginkgo can also help treat a condition closely associated with atherosclerosis, called cerebral insufficiency. Cerebral insufficiency is characterized by poor concentration, confusion, loss of coordination, fatigue, headache, dizziness, depression, and anxiety. It is thought to be caused by clogged blood vessels that decrease blood flow to the brain.

Ginkgo increases blood supply and circulation to all parts of the body, including the heart, eyes, brain, and penis. (There is strong evidence that ginkgo can help boost a declining libido in men and women.) It protects against a broad range of illnesses associated with aging, including macular degeneration, cataracts, glaucoma, heart disease, stroke, and cancer.

Many laboratory studies have shown that ginkgo supplementation can improve brain function. In one study, taking 120 to 240 milligrams daily helped slow the progression of early stage Alzheimer’s disease and multi-infarct dementia. It was also found to improve memory in people with Age-associated memory impairment (AAMI).

Ginkgo may help enhance the memory of healthy people as well, but only in doses of 240 milligrams or more. Commission E, a group that evaluates the safety and efficacy of herbs for the German government, recommends ginkgo for the treatment of Alzheimers, multi-infarct dementia, and memory loss. Commission E also recommends the use of ginkgo for treatment of tinnitis (ringing in the ears), stroke, and intermittent claudication, a condition that is caused by poor circulation and is characterized by leg pain and swelling.

Ginkgo has been used to treat sexual dysfunction in both men and women. Studies have shown that ginkgo helps relax blood vessels in the penis and improve blood flow to It’s ability to increase blood flow may make it an effective treatment for erectile dysfunction, based on studies that show blood vessel relaxant properties, which may improve blood flow in the penis to achieve an erection. Some studies have shown that ginkgo also helps treat sexual dysfunction caused by antidepressant drugs.

Ginkgo is available as ginkgo leaf, ginkgo leaf extract, and ginkgo seed, and the typical dose is 240 milligrams of standardized ginkgo leaf extract daily. Ginkgo is also widely available in teas, and ginkgo-fortified foods.

People taking blood-thinning medications should avoid this supplement, as it can increase the effects of this medication. Some people have also reported minor side effects, such as nausea and diarrhea, but these normally subside when the dosage is reduced or when use of the herb is discontinued.

Anise
Anise (Pimpinella anisum [Latin]), also known as aniseed, pimpinel seed, and sweet cumin, is a plant that produces seeds that are used in both herbal medicine and aromatherapy. This sweet smelling herb is also commonly used to flavor foods and liqueurs such as anisette and ouzo.

Anise is from the parsley family and, like parsley, has been used for thousands of years as a natural breath freshener. Anise seeds can be steeped in boiling water at home to produce a natural mouthwash; many mouthwashes and toothpastes sold in natural foods stores also contain anise.

Anise has been shown to be a secretagogue, an herb that acts as an expectorant in the body. The essential oil extracted from ground anise seeds helps loosen phlegm in the throat and lungs. Teas containing anise are very effective at helping make coughs more productive, and have also been used to treat asthma.

Anise is also an ingredient in many cough medicines and lozenges. Some other respiratory-related ailments that may benefit from treatment with anise include the common cold, pneumonia, influenza, bronchitis, and sinusitis.

Anise is also sometimes used to increase a nursing mother’s milk supply. The seeds of anise contain anethole, a substance that can help raise prolactin levels and thus stimulate milk production. Women seeking to improve their milk supply are advised to drink 1 cup of anise tea per day. Anise tea can be made at home by steeping 2 teaspoons of crushed seeds in 1 cup of hot water for 10 to 15 minutes.

New mothers may find anise to be helpful in other ways—it can be an effective treatment for colic and upset stomach. Anise’s expectorant effect encourages the secretion of excess fluids from the digestive system, and this herb has also been shown to reduce flatulence (gas) in both children and adults. Many all-natural remedies for colicky babies and digestive ailments contain anise as an active ingredient (don’t give your baby anise tea or seeds—if you give them too much it could make them very sick).

Anise is available in tea, and the whole seeds are used in cooking. All foods containing anise are thought to offer some of the same benefits as the teas and capsules, although foods are generally less effective than supplementation.

In some sensitive individuals, anise can cause allergic reactions. People with inflammatory skin conditions, including rosacea and acne, may experience flare-ups when taking this herb. Large doses of anise can act as a narcotic in the system.
Ginseng
Ginseng (Panax ginseng [Latin]) is the most widely used herb in Chinese medicine, a true panacea used to treat just about everything for thousands of years. The root of the ginseng plant is used medicinally, and has a quasi-human shape; the original Chinese name for this herb is jen shen, which means “man root.”

Although there are several different species of ginseng, it is the Chinese form of this herb (Panax ginseng) that has been most widely studied. American ginseng (P. quinquefolius) is popular in both Asia and Western countries, and the medicinal properties of Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) are also becoming increasingly well known.

Many studies have shown that ginseng can boost mood, improve memory, increase concentration and physical endurance, ease anxiety, and even improve test scores. Ginseng’s ability to improve mental function seems to increase when this herb is given in combination with ginkgo.

Ginseng is thought to be an adaptogen, meaning that it adapts itself as necessary to treat imbalances in the body. It has been shown to help balance blood pressure, blood sugar, triglyceride and cholesterol levels, and hormones in both men and women.

Ginseng is also an immune system booster and natural detoxifier. It helps keep the liver, adrenal glands, and thyroid healthy, may help prevent illnesses ranging from the common cold to cancer.

There have been numerous Asian studies demonstrating ginseng’s ability to slow the progression of cancer. Studies in South Korea and China both showed that people who regularly consumed ginseng were less likely to get lung cancer, and that ginseng seemed to enhance the effects of both radiation and chemotherapy. Studies suggest that two compounds in ginseng, ginsan and polyacetylinic alcohol help destroy lung cancer cells and slow tumor growth.

Ginseng is thought to have a mild stimulant effect, which may account for its purported ability to sharpen mental awareness and relieve symptoms of chronic fatigue. Tests have also shown that ginseng can help prevent a heart attack by lowering the heart rate and blood pressure. Ginseng has been shown to reduce LDL or “bad” cholesterol levels, and to increase the strength of the heart muscle itself.

One of ginseng’s most well known uses is that of a libido-stimulant. Research has supported the traditional belief that ginseng acts as an aphrodisiac by stimulating the hypothalamus to produce sex hormones that stimulate cell growth and healing in the sex organs. Ginseng is particularly helpful to men experiencing fertility or erectile dysfunction; it increases testosterone levels and blood flow to the penis. Women who are in the early stages of menopause and experiencing hot flashes may also benefit from ginseng supplementation, because ginseng has been found to stimulate the ovaries to produce more estrogen.

Ginseng’s ability to improve brain function and act as a stimulant may be helpful to people suffering from depression, stress, and some drug dependencies (cocaine or methamphetamines, for example). Studies have also shown that ginseng injections can help raise levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and adrenaline in the body, which supports the adrenal glands in times of stress and prevents the adrenal gland burn-out that can lead to serious illnesses such as Addison’s disease.

The usual dosage is 250 to 500 milligrams in capsules or 1 teaspoon of liquid extract daily. You can also buy fresh or dried ginseng root at some health food stores to make a potent, home-brewed tea—use ½ teaspoon of dried root in a cup of hot water once or twice a day.

Some people may be sensitive to this herb, and may get diarrhea or upset stomach. The phytochemicals in ginseng may cause breast tenderness or irregular periods in some women. Other reported side effects include allergic reaction, rash, heart palpitations, insomnia, and mood swings—make sure to follow the recommended dosage instructions, as most side effects were reported from those taking very high doses. You may want to avoid this herb altogether is you have heart disease, and should definitely consult your cardiologist before taking ginseng supplements.
Garlic
Garlic, or Allium sativum (Latin), is a popular herb for cardiovascular health. Thousands of studies have shown that consuming garlic has significant, protective effects on the body. Garlic lowers cholesterol and blood sugar levels, decreases the risk of heart attack and stroke, and helps inhibit the development of blood clots and cancerous tumors.

One bulb of garlic contains approximately 70 active health-promoting ingredients, in particular a substance called allicin. Allicin is a sulfur compound that destroys many parasites, fungi, and viruses, including Helicobacter pylori (which causes peptic ulcers), herpes, and candida. Because it contains large amounts of allicin, garlic is thought to support the immune system against bacterial, viral, and fungal infection. Some studies have even shown garlic to be particularly effective in preventing recurrent yeast infections and in treating ear infections.

Garlic can be used to help treat hypertension and other underlying conditions that lead to cardiovascular disease. Studies have shown that it can lower blood pressure, LDL (bad) cholesterol, and triglyceride levels by more than 10 percent. Garlic might also help to slow LDL cholesterol oxidation, a process that produces artery-clogging plaque and ultimately leads to a heart disease known as atherosclerosis. Lower levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood help keep blood platelets from getting too sticky and forming blood clots; some studies of animals indicate that garlic may actually be successful in unclogging arteries by reducing the size of existing plaque deposits.

Garlic contains compounds that help prevent and slow tumor growth. Eating garlic and taking garlic supplements could help lower the risk of developing cancer, particularly stomach cancer. As previously noted, the allicin in garlic has a protective effect of the stomach, preventing the proliferation of Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium strongly linked to the development of gastrointestinal cancer. Garlic also helps protect against breast, colon, and esophageal cancer.

Garlic supplements may also be helpful to patients undergoing chemotherapy, especially those being treated with doxorubicin, by helping to prevent the depletion of glutathione and the increased free radical activity that accompanies chemotherapy, which can damage heart and liver tissues. However, people undergoing chemotherapy should speak with their doctor before taking garlic supplementation of any kind, because garlic can increase the bleeding some people experience as a result of chemotherapy.

There have been some interesting studies with laboratory animals that seem to indicate garlic can lower blood sugar levels and increase the release of insulin, but it is not yet known if garlic can do the same for humans with diabetes.

Garlic can be eaten raw or cooked; eating 1 to 5 cloves each day would be a sensible addition to any diet (careful, more than 5 cloves a day could cause indigestion or flatulence). Garlic is also available in juice, syrup, and (if the thought of having a garlicky smell oozing out of your pores on a daily basis worries you) enteric-coated garlic tablets.

If you want to keep garlic oil around for topical treatment of ear infection or athlete’s foot, etc., steep one part minced garlic in five parts olive oil, and refrigerate for up to two weeks. It’s a good idea to do a spot test before using garlic as a topical treatment—some people have severe allergic reactions to garlic when it is applied to the skin.

Besides the smell, garlic has been reported to cause upset stomach, nausea, diarrhea, and, in some sensitive individuals, asthma attacks. Nursing mothers should avoid garlic and garlic supplements, as it can cause colic in babies.

Garlic intensifies the effects of a number of pharmaceuticals, such as blood thinners, antibiotics, antifungals, steroids, and anti-inflammatories. People taking these medications should never take garlic supplements without first consulting a physician. Garlic should also not be used by people undergoing treatment with recombinant tumor necrosis factor (rhTNF), since it lessons this drug’s effectiveness.
Ginger
Ginger, or Zingiber officinale (Latin), is a tasty, aromatic spice that has been a mainstay of Asian and Indian cuisine and traditional medicine for thousands of years. Today ginger’s popularity has spread across the globe, and it is one of the world’s most widely used herbal treatments.

Ginger has been used in traditional Asian medicine to treat nausea, stimulate appetite, fight body odor, and promote perspiration. Indian ayurvedic medicine traditionally recommends ginger for the treatment of arthritis, and recent studies have shown that ginger does indeed inhibit the production of cytokines, which are chemicals that can promote inflammation.

Ginger also helps treat joint pain by stimulating blood circulation, and this effect may make it a useful treatment for many illnesses characterized by pain and poor circulation, including rheumatoid arthritis and Raynaud’s syndrome.

Research indicates that ginger is beneficial to the heart as well. Clinical studies have shown that as little as 5 grams of dried ginger a day slows the production of triglycerides and LDL (bad) cholesterol in the liver. Ginger also guards against heart attack and stroke by preventing the platelet clumping or stickiness that can lead to blood clots and atherosclerosis.

One of ginger’s best-known uses is as a treatment for nausea. Controlled clinical studies have found ginger to be more effective in relieving motion sickness than dimenhydrinate (Dramamine). When given in large doses, ginger also seems to be effective for treating nausea induced by chemotherapy when given in large doses.

Pregnant women have reported relief from consuming small amounts of ginger root, ginger tea, and ginger ale. However, women should not consume large amounts of ginger during pregnancy, as it can cause the uterus to contract.

Ginger is also often used for treatment of flatulence, indigestion, diarrhea, and menstrual cramps. This is because ginger mimics some digestive enzymes used to process protein in the body, and is known to act as a gastronintestinal antispasmodic. Commission E, a panel in Germany that evaluates herbs for the government, recommends ginger to prevent and treat indigestion.

Ginger is also sometimes recommended for relief of cold symptoms—it helps to loosen phlegm and fight chills by spreading a warm feeling throughout the body. Pickled ginger is traditionally eaten with sushi, probably because of its ability to destroy parasites—it contains zingibain, a parasite-killing chemical that has been shown to kill the anisakid worm, a parasite sometimes contaminates raw fish.

Ginger is derived from the root of a perennial plant. The ginger root may be consumed raw, steeped in hot water to make a tea, or added to a variety of dishes. Ginger is also available in capsules, pickles, extracts, and prepared teas that can be made into compresses. The usual dosage is 1/3 of an ounce of fresh ginger root per day, or 150 to 300 milligrams of freeze-dried ginger in capsules three times per day.

Pregnant women should be careful not to overdo it when taking ginger supplements; it has been said to stimulate uterine contractions. People taking blood thinners, barbiturates, beta-blockers, insulin or diabetes medications should consult a physician before supplementing with ginger on a regular basis, since it may increase the effects of these medications.

Ginger may interfere with the absorption of dietary iron and fat-soluble vitamins, and cause stomach upset in higher doses. Also, because ginger helps thin the blood, it should not be taken two weeks prior to surgery.
Cinnamon
Cinnamomum zeylanicum
Herbs gallery - Cinnamon



COMMON NAMES

* Cinnamon
* Dalcini
* Gui
* Twak
* Yueh-kuei

The plant known as the cinnamon is the source of a very famous spice, true cinnamon plants are native to Sri Lanka and Ceylon, while the plant called the cassia or the Chinese cinnamon originates from Burma - the bark of the cinnamon is fragrant and is used to make the spice. True Ceylonese cinnamon is much more expensive than the cassia, and has a lighter and more delicate fragrance; the Burmese variety is much more pungent and possesses a stronger flavor than the original cinnamon. As a flavoring agent, the true cinnamon is preferred for spicing up sweet dishes and baked goods such as breads, cakes and pastries. While the cassia due to its strong flavor that nips the taste buds is used more often to spice meats, and pilaus - dishes made from rice or cracked wheat with boiled meat and spices, the cassia is also favored to spice up various curries due to its strong pungency. The traditional uses of the cinnamon go back a long time, and the herb was included by Moses as a major ingredient in the "holy anointing oil", he used to anoint his people.

The fungicidal inherent in the cinnamon was displayed and confirmed during the course of an incredible experiment, the results of which were published in the journal of Food Science, 1974, most yeasts and fungi were easily overpowered by the active chemicals present in cinnamon and this property is of great therapeutic value. Cinnamon can help rid food of alfatoxins produced by plants, and such alfatoxins can easily come into food, especially when white breads, raisin bread, rye breads and all kinds of whole wheat breads are manufactured without using the common mold inhibiting substances, different types of alfatoxins can get into the bread - the alfatoxins are produced by a group of common dangerous and toxic molds, some of whom are known to cause fatalities in animals and humans and have been connected to the causative origin of liver cancer. Many types of food which are consumed on a daily basis can be affected by these toxins.

When such breads were baked without using the common mould inhibitors, toxic molds came up furiously on all of the breads, with the one exception of the raisin bread, where the report states that the mold growth was "scant or not visible at all". The next problem that lay before testers, was to see, if they could identify what it was that protected the raisin bread from mold growth, was the cinnamon added to the bread responsible for the scant growth or was something in the raisin itself a factor. In the following studies conducted on a yeast and sucrose broth, food scientist found that at least 97 to 99 percent of all mold growth in such broths was found to be easily inhibited by adding as little as 2% or 20 mg of the cinnamon spice per milliliter to test yeast extract and sucrose broth. Thus the resistance displayed by the raisin bread arose from the fact that cinnamon had been one of the ingredients in the bread.

The herbal spice is also used in many other roles aside from its fungicidal and bactericidal effects and the delicious aromatic spice is used as an effective and wonderful warming or strength boosting remedy to increase resistance to common cold, to beat back the winter chills and in the treatment of a variety of physical conditions associated with the common cold, it is also used in the treatment of internal congestion and in treating the deficiency in vital energy felt by the affected person. The whole system can be treated by using cinnamon as a general tonic in the treatment of many disorders affecting a person at the physical level. Circulation can be stimulated by drinking a hot drink containing the cinnamon, this drink will also induce perspiration, and help in the prevention and resolution of common flues and colds, it can also help treat catarrh and other types of infections affecting a person. Fevers affecting the person can also be treated using the cinnamon - which helps in reducing the elevated temperature of the body. The oil of cinnamon can also greatly aid in the treatment of various chest infections and can also alleviate head colds affecting the person - the oil is normally inhaled by the patient. The cinnamon has stimulating and general warming properties, which can direct the action and remedial properties of other remedies used in follow up treatments - thus it can be taken as an initial treatment and followed by thyme during treatment for bronchial congestion and different respiratory tract infections, it can be used as the initial treatment and followed by blue cohosh for the treatment of uterine disorders and it can also be used in the treatment of irregular and painful periods in women, the cinnamon can also be used in the treatment of heavy bleeding during menstruation, it can be used to treat all sorts of uterine infections and to stop vaginal discharges in affected women.
PARTS USED

Inner bark, twigs.
USES

The anti-viral and stimulating properties of the volatile cinnamon oil is the prime reason for the medicinal value of the herb and the oil is the single most important product from the plant as far as its use in herbal medicine is concerned.

The herbal remedies made from the cinnamon can help in relieving cramps, they can help in alleviating colic, and they also act as an herbal relaxant, helping reduce the general anxiety and stress in affected patients. The volatile oil of the cinnamon contains a chemical called eugenol which can aid in relieving pain in the body, particularly in such instances as when it is used as a liniment during the treatment of arthritis, this chemical is also helpful in reducing the pain of a toothache as it deadens the nerve ending. At the same time, the remedial properties of the plant come into full effectiveness against disorders such as persistent headaches, against muscle pain and neuralgia in the body.

The herbal remedies based on the cinnamon plant are also useful stimulants of the digestive system and have a warming effect on the body, they are also very useful in cases of weakened digestion in the digestive system, the remedies are also useful against colic, in the treatment of griping pains, in the treatment of disorders such as diarrhea, and in the treatment of nausea and vomiting, as well as in alleviating excess wind and distension in the abdominal region. Other chemicals in the plant also come into play and give the herbal remedy many unique properties, for example, an astringent action is ascribed to the tannins, this property of the herb is also successful in stemming the bleeding during heavy nosebleeds, it can be used to stanch heavy periods and aids in resolving diarrhea and problems such as catarrhal congestion in different patients. Excess perspiration can also be stopped if the cinnamon is taken as a cold herbal remedy.

Cinnamon was traditionally used as a herbal warming agent, in the herbal medicine of both India and Europe, the herb was a treatment for "cold" conditions and was believed to induce warmth in the patient, cinnamon remedies were traditionally also taken combined with some ginger - spp. Zingiber officinale to induce the warmth in the body. Circulation in the body is stimulated by the herb, and the remedy is particularly relevant to the circulation in the fingers and toes - when such extremities of the body become to cold. Traditional healers also made extensive use of the herbal cinnamon based remedies as a treatment for all sorts of digestive problems, specifically in the treatment of nausea, to treat cases of vomiting and diarrhea, it was also used in the treatment of various aches, to treat cramped muscles and in the treatment of other symptoms ascribed to viral infections such as the common cold and flu.

Cinnamon is also used extensively and as a specific herbal remedy in patients with debilitations, it is also a major herbal remedy during the convalescence process from physical and mental injuries.

Menstrual bleeding is also encouraged by the herb and it is believed to posses a slight emmenagogic ability - thus capable of aiding in the active stimulation of the uterus in women affected by menstrual problems. The contraceptive action of the cinnamon is made use of in India, and the herb is usually taken by women following childbirth in this role as a guard against early pregnancy.

Other medical uses
Altitude sickness, Tennis elbow.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION

The plant grows best in tropical forest with an altitude of 1500 ft or 500 meters, wild populations of the plant originally grew only in India and Sri Lanka, however, the cinnamon is now grown in many other areas of the world with similar climates. For examples, the West Indies and the Philippines now have extensive areas dedicated to the cultivation of the cinnamon, such plantations are found in many other tropical regions of the world as well. Cuttings of the plant are taken and used in propagations in many of these plantations; such cuttings are done once every second year in the rainy season, when the young cinnamon trees are cut to just above ground level in controlled cultivation. When harvesting of the bark is done, the harvested bark is usually exposed to fermentation processes for twenty four hours at a stretch, and harvesting is usually done from the stump shoots. The inner bark of the cinnamon is revealed as the outer bark is scraped clean and the plant is left to regenerate new bark during the next growing season.
RESEARCH

The sedative and analgesic action of the constituent of the bark cinnamaldehyde was confirmed during the 1980s, through Japanese research. This particular constituent of the cinnamon plant is believed to be capable of brining about a reduction in any fevers and elevated blood pressure in patients. Bactericidal as well as antifungal properties have also been attributed to the cinnamon bark products.
CONSTITUENTS

* Volatile oil up to 4% (cinnamaldehyde 65 - 75%, eugenol 4 - 10%)
* Tannins (condensed)
* Coumarins
* Mucilage

USUAL DOSAGE

Cinnamon can be used as an antiseptic herbal mouthwash to replace Listerine, in this role the herbal remedy will also kill germs on contact similar to Listerine. Prepare this herbal mouthwash by adding half a teaspoonful of the cinnamon herbal in half a tumbler of warm water. This herbal mouthwash is excellent and very effective especially when the smell of breath is unpleasant and the if there is decay in the teeth - it is totally natural and comes without any side effects.

The herbal cinnamon tincture can be prepared by combining ten and a half tbsp. of powdered cinnamon with about one and one fourth of a cup of vodka. Once the cinnamon powder has been added to the vodka, sufficient water can be added to the combination to turn the tincture into a 50% solution of alcohol. The mixture must then be kept inside a bottle and left alone for two weeks, the bottle can be shaken on a regular basis while it is settling, usually once in the morning and once again in the evening to ensure proper mixing of the herbal powder into the alcohol. Following the two week period of shaking and settling, the liquid can then be strained, poured into a bottle suitable for long term storage for later use. Once this has been done, the prepared tincture can last a long time and can be used at any time as an herbal mouth wash.

Cinnamon is used mainly as a spice, and even in this role it can serve a remedial purpose, a very delicious and quite helpful remedial use of the spice can be in its use for the treatment of internal disorders such as acid indigestion, cases of heartburn and muscular cramps, some cinnamon or cardamoms can be sprinkled over hot and buttered raisin toast and eaten slowly when suffering from such problems to gain relief, the bread must be chewed slowly and thoroughly before it is swallowed for optimal relief.

Cinnamon can also be used to make a very effective traditional French folk remedy, which can be used in the treatment of common colds and flues, prepare this remedy by taking two cups of water in a pan, boil this water and add a small stick of the cinnamon along with a few cloves, the water can be boiled gradually for about three minutes and then removed. Once the boiling is done, the pan can be removed and to the solution two tsp. of lemon juice and one and a half tbsp. of dark honey or if unavailable blackstrap molasses can be added, the honey or the molasses can also be substituted by two tbsp. good quality whiskey as well. Once all of these have been added to the liquid mixture, stir the liquids well and leave it covered, for about twenty minutes, the solution can be steeped so as to allow the thorough mixing of the ingredients.

Dosage of the cinnamon based herbal mixture can be half a cup per dose, taken once every 3-4 hours of the day, during the entire treatment period. Any fever in the body and the concomitant congestion during the common cold or influenza can be easily broken up and alleviated by drinking this herbal mixture made from the cinnamon.
APPLICATIONS

Bark:
DECOCTION – The bark of the cinnamon can be used in the treatment of all kinds of chronic diarrhea and other renal disorders such as problems connected to a weakened kidney qi-or energy- in the Chinese system of medicine. It is also normal to use the cinnamon bark based medications for the "cold" conditions affecting patients.
TINCTURE – The cinnamon can be used to make a bark based tincture which can be diluted up to five ml using some hot water for the treatment of common colds and chills affecting patients.
POWDER/CAPSULES – The bark of the cinnamon is also available in the form of powders and capsules in many herbal stores and these are normally taken for the treatment of "cold" conditions, especially with respect to those arising as a result of underlying problems in the kidneys and the digestive system.
Essential oil:
INHALATION – The essential oil of the cinnamon can be dissolved in boiling water to make an inhalation remedy, using five drops of the oil per dose and the hot steam can be inhaled as a treatment for various coughs and to alleviate respiratory irritation and congestion.
MASSAGE OIL – The essential oil of the cinnamon can also be diluted using about 25 ml almond or sunflower oil per 10 ml of the cinnamon oil, this oil can be used a rub to topically treat colic in the abdominal region, it can be used in the treatment of stomach chills and problems like diarrhea and related intestinal troubles.
Twigs:
DECOCTION – The cinnamon branches and twigs can be used for the preparation of herbal decoctions which can be taken in the treatment of colds, as a treatment for disorders in the stomach and during chills, this decoction is a great herbal stimulant for the circulatory system. The herbal decoction goes very well in combinations with ginger and can be used for a wide variety of treatments.
TINCTURE – The cinnamon can also be turned into an herbal tincture which can be used following dilution to 5 ml using some hot water. The diluted tincture can in turn be taken in lieu of the herbal decoction and used in the treatment of similar problems.
COMPRESS – The cinnamon can be used in a variety of topical treatments as well as in making compresses for external problems, a piece of cloth or a pad can be soaked in the herbal decoction or the diluted tincture and this can be place directly on the affected area of the body to relieve arthritic and rheumatic pains in affected individuals.
Ayurveda
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The God of Ayurveda Dhanvantari

Ayurveda (Devanāgarī: आयुर्वेद, the 'science of life') is a system of traditional medicine native to the Indian Subcontinent[1] and practiced in other parts of the world as a form of alternative medicine.[2] In Sanskrit, the word Ayurveda[3] consists of the words āyus, meaning 'life', and veda, meaning 'related to knowledge' or 'science'.[1] Evolving throughout its history, Ayurveda remains an influential system of medicine in South Asia.[4] The earliest literature of Ayurveda appeared during the Vedic period in India.[2] The Sushruta Samhita and the Charaka Samhita were influential works on traditional medicine during this era.[2] Ayurvedic practitioners also identified a number of medicinal preparations and surgical procedures for curing various ailments and diseases.[5]

As per Indian heritage and science, "Ayurveda" is an Upaveda or annexure to the four main vedas (knowledge systems). The famous treaties of Ayurveda are Charaka Samhita by Sage Charaka, which details the prevention and treatment of disease, and Sushruta Samhita of Sage Sushruta, which deals with Ayurvedic surgical procedures. In the Ayurvedic system, the prevention of all types of disease has a prominent place in treatment, including restructuring a patient's lifestyle to align with the course of nature and the four seasons to guarantee complete wellness.

Ayurveda is considered to be a form of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) within the western world, where several of its methods, such as the use of herbs, massage, and Yoga as exercise or alternative medicine, are applied on their own as a form of CAM treatment.[6] However, such alternative therapy approaches are not unique to Ayurveda because they are also available under the systems of Unani medicine, Greek medicine and Islamic medicine.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Overview
* 2 Practices
* 3 History
* 4 Current status
o 4.1 Within India
o 4.2 Outside India
o 4.3 Journals
o 4.4 Patents
o 4.5 Scientific evidence
o 4.6 Safety
* 5 Notes
* 6 External links
* 7 References

[edit] Overview
Traditional Indian ayurvedic spa in Goa.

Ayurveda is grounded in a metaphysics of the 'five [great] Elements' (Devanāgarī: [महा] पञ्चभूत; earth, water, fire, air and ether)—all of which compose the Universe, including the human body.[1] Chyle (called Rasa dhatu), blood (called Rakta dhatu), flesh (called Mamsa dhatu), fat (called Medha dhatu), bone (called Asthi dhatu), marrow (called Majja dhatu), and semen (called Shukra dhatu) or female reproductive tissue (called Artava dhatu) are held to be the seven primary constituent elements (Devanāgarī: सप्तधातु) of the body.[7] Ayurveda stresses a balance of three substances: vata (wind/spirit/air), pitta (bile) and kapha (phlegm), each representing divine forces.[7] According to Ayurveda, these three regulatory principles—Doshas (Devanāgarī: त्रिदोश)—are important. Traditional beliefs hold that humans possess a unique constellation of Doshas.[8] In Ayurveda, the human body perceives attributes of experiences as 20 Guna (Devanāgarī: गुण, meaning qualities).[9] Surgery and surgical instruments are employed.[9] It is believed that building a healthy metabolic system, attaining good digestion, and proper excretion leads to vitality.[9] Ayurveda also focuses on exercise, yoga, meditation, and massage.[10] Thus, body, mind, and spirit/consciousness need to be addressed both individually and in unison for health to ensue.

The practice of Panchakarma (Devanāgarī: पंचकर्म‌) is believed to eliminate toxic elements from the body.[11] Eight disciplines of Ayurveda treatment, called Ashtanga (Devanāgarī: अष्टांग), are given below:[12]

* Surgery (Shalya-chikitsa)
* Treatment of diseases above the clavicle (Salakyam)
* Internal medicine (Kaaya-chikitsa)
* Demonic possession (Bhuta vidya): Ayurveda believes in demonic intervention and—as a form of traditional medicine—identifies a number of ways to counter the supposed effect of these interferences.[13] Bhuta vidya has been called psychiatry.[2]
* Paediatrics (Kaumarabhrtyam)
* Toxicology (Agadatantram)
* Prevention and building immunity (rasayanam)
* Aphrodisiacs (Vajikaranam)

[edit] Practices
Several philosophers in India combined religion and traditional medicine—notable examples being that of hinduism and Ayurveda. Shown in the image is the philosopher Nagarjuna—known chiefly for his doctrine of the Madhyamika (middle path)—who wrote medical works The Hundred Prescriptions and The Precious Collection, among others.[14]

Buddhism may have been an influence on the development of many of Ayurveda's central ideas — particularly its fascination with balance, known in Buddhism as Madhyamika (Devanāgarī: माध्यमिक).[15] Balance is emphasized; suppressing natural urges is seen to be unhealthy, and doing so may almost certainly lead to illness.[15] To stay within the limits of reasonable balance and measure is stressed upon.[15] Ayurveda places an emphasis on moderation in food intake, sleep, sexual intercourse, and the intake of medicine.[15]

Ayurveda incorporates an entire system of dietary recommendations.[1] Chopra (2003)—on the subject of Ayurveda dietetics—writes:[16]
Ayurvedic dietetics comprise a host of recommendations, ranging from preparation and consumption of food, to healthy routines for day and night, sexual life, and rules for ethical conduct. In contrast to contemporary practitioners of New Age Ayurveda, older Ayurvedic authors tended to be religiously neutral. Even Buddhist authors refrained from trying to convert the patient to follow their particular religious ways.

For diagnosis the patient is to be questioned and all five senses are to be employed.[17] The Charaka Samhita recommends a tenfold examination of the patient.[17] The qualities to be judged are: constitution, abnormality, essence, stability, body measurements, diet suitability, psychic strength, digestive capacity, physical fitness and age.[17] Hearing is used to observe the condition of breathing and speech.[7] The study of the vital pressure points or marma is of special importance.[9]

Chopra (2003) identifies five influential criteria for diagnosis: 'origin of the disease, prodrominal (precursory) symptoms, typical symptoms of the fully developed disease, observing the effect of therapeutic procedures, and the pathological process.'[17]

Hygiene—also a component of religious virtue to many Indians—is a strong belief.[7] Hygienic living involves regular bathing, cleansing of teeth, skin care, and eye washing.[7] Occasional anointing of the body with oil is also prescribed.[7]
Oils—such as sesame and sunflower oil—are extensively used in Ayurvedic medicine. Studies show that both these oils contain substantial amount of linoleate in triglyceride form. Oils rich in linoleic acid may have antineoplastic properties.[18]
Hundreds of vegetable drugs are used in Ayurvedic medicine—including cardamom and cinnamon.[19]

Ayurveda stresses the use of vegetable drugs.[7] Fats are used both for consumption and for external use.[7] Hundreds of vegetable drugs are employed, including cardamom and cinnamon.[7] Some animal products may also be used, for example milk, bones, and gallstones etc.[7] Minerals—including sulfur, arsenic, lead, copper sulfate, gold—are also consumed as prescribed.[7]. This practice of adding minerals to herbal medicine is known as Rasa Shastra.

In some cases alcohol is used as a narcotic for the patient undergoing an operation.[7] The advent of Islam introduced opium as a narcotic.[12] Both oil and tar are used to stop bleeding.[7] Oils may be used in a number of ways including regular consumption as a part of food, anointing, smearing, head massage, and prescribed application to infected areas.[20]

The proper function of channels—tubes that exist within the body and transport fluids from one point to another—is seen as vital, and the lack of healthy channels may lead to disease and insanity.[21] Sushruta identifies that blockages of these channels may lead to rheumatism, epilepsy, paralysis, and convulsions as fluids and channels are diverted from their ideal locations.[21] Sweating is favored as a manner in which to open up the channels and dilute the Doshas causing the blockages and harming a patient—a number of ways to take steam bathing and other steam related cures are recommended so that these toxins are released.[21]
[edit] History
The mantra ॐ मणि पद्मे हूँ written on rocks. Chanting mantras has been a feature of Ayurveda since the Atharvaveda—a largely religious text—was compiled.[22]

Ayurveda traces its origins to the Vedas—the Atharvaveda in particular—and is connected to Hindu religion.[23] The Sushruta Samhita of Sushruta appeared during the 1st millennium BC.[5] Dwivedi & Dwivedi (2007)— on the work of the surgeon Sushruta—write:[5]
The main vehicle of the transmission of knowledge during that period was by oral method. The language used was Sanskrit — the vedic language of that period (2000-500 BC). The most authentic compilation of his teachings and work is presently available in a treatise called Sushruta Samhita. This contains 184 chapters and description of 1120 illnesses, 700 medicinal plants, 64 preparations from mineral sources and 57 preparations based on animal sources.

Underwood & Rhodes (2008) hold that this early phase of traditional Indian medicine identified 'fever (takman), cough, consumption, diarrhea, dropsy, abscesses, seizures, tumours, and skin diseases (including leprosy).'[7] Treatment of complex ailments—including angina pectoris, diabetes, hypertension, and stones—also ensued during this period.[5][24] Plastic surgery, cataract surgery, puncturing to release fluids in the abdomen, extraction of foreign elements, treatment of anal fistulas, treating fractures, amputations, cesarean sections, and stitching of wounds were known.[7] The use of herbs and surgical instruments became widespread.[7] The Charaka Samhita text is arguably the principal classic reference. It gives emphasis to the triune nature of each person: body care, mental regulation, and spirtual/consciousness refinement.
Cataract in Human Eye—magnified view seen on examination with a slit lamp. Cataract surgery was known to the physician Sushruta.[25] In India, cataract surgery was performed with a special tool called the Jabamukhi Salaka, a curved needle used to loosen the lens and push the cataract out of the field of vision.[25] The eye would later be soaked with warm butter and then bandaged.[25]

Other early works of Ayurveda include the Charaka Samhita, attributed to Charaka.[7] The earliest surviving excavated written material which contains the works of Sushruta is the Bower Manuscript—dated to the 4th century AD.[26] The Bower manuscript cites directly from Sushruta, and is of special interest to historians due to the presence of Indian medicine and its concepts in Central Asia.[27] Vagbhata—the son of a senior doctor by the name of Simhagupta—[28] also compiled his works on traditional medicine.[7] Early Ayurveda had a school of physicians and a school of surgeons.[2] Tradition holds that the text Agnivesh tantra—written by the legendary sage Agnivesh, a student of the mythological sage Bharadwaja—influenced the writings of Ayurveda.[29]

The Chinese pilgrim Fa Hsien (ca. 337 - 422 AD) wrote about the health care system of the Gupta empire (320 - 550 AD) and—in the process—described the institutional approach of Indian medicine which is also visible in the works of Charaka, who mentions a clinic and how it should be equipped.[30] Madhava (700 AD), Sarngadhara (1300 AD), and Bhavamisra (1500 AD) compiled works on Indian medicine.[27] The medical works of both Sushruta and Charaka were translated into the Arabic language during the Abbasid Caliphate (750 AD).[31] These Arabic works made their way into Europe via intermediaries.[31] In Italy the Branca family of Sicily and Gaspare Tagliacozzi (Bologna) became familiar with the techniques of Sushruta.[31]

British physicians traveled to India to see Rhinoplasty being performed by native methods.[32] Reports on Indian Rhinoplasty were published in the Gentleman's Magazine by 1794.[32] Joseph Constantine Carpue spent 20 years in India studying local plastic surgery methods.[32] Carpue was able to perform the first major surgery in the western world by 1815.[33] Instruments described in the Sushruta Samhita were further modified in the Western World.[33]
[edit] Current status
[edit] Within India

In 1970, the Indian Medical Central Council Act was passed by the Parliament of India, which aims to standardize qualifications for Ayurveda and provide accredited institutions for its study and research.[34] In India, over 100 colleges offer degrees in traditional Ayurvedic medicine.[10] The Indian government supports research and teaching in Ayurveda through many channels—both at the national and state levels—and helps institutionalize traditional medicine so that it can be studied in major towns and cities.[35] The state-sponsored Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha (CCRAS) is the apex institution for promotion of traditional medicine in India.[36] The studies conducted by this institution encompass clinical, drug, literary, and family welfare research.[36]

Many clinics are run by professionals who qualify from these institutes—both in the urban and the rural areas.[34] Mukherjee & Wahile cite World Health Organization statistics to demonstrate the popularity of traditional medicine, on which a significant number of the world's population depends for primary health care.[37] In Sri Lanka the number of traditional Ayurveda practitioners is greater than trained modern medicine professionals.[38] The manufacture and marketing of Ayurvedic medicine has been commercially successful for several pharmaceutical companies.[34] Old manufacturing companies such as Arya Vaidya Sala, Arya Vaidya Pharmacy, IMIS Pharmaceuticals, Dabur, Baidyanath have maintained the classical range, while also patenting certain own formulations, such as Gyncocalm, Jeevani, Eosinophal, Dabur Pancharishta. Similarly, MNCs like Hindustan Unilever Limited, in collaboration with Arya Vaidya Pharmacy, has been promoting its chain of Ayurvedic Massage Therapy Centres in the Brand name of [Ayush Therapy Centre],with two of the major centers located at Kalyan and Vashi.
[edit] Outside India

Academic institutions related to traditional medicine in India have contributed to Ayurveda's international visibility.[39] Kurup (2003) comments on the role of Gujarat Ayurved University:[39]
The Gujarat Ayurved University has signed the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with nine Ayurvedic institutes functioning in Japan, Australia, the Netherlands, Italy, Argentina, and Germany to coordinate and facilitate the globalization of Ayurveda through academic collaboration. Earlier, Medical (Ayu) Institute of Russia had signed the MoU with the government of India, in which Gujarat Aryurved University is also one of the implementing authorities.

Ayurveda gained recognition in the Western world as medical scholars, notably , Frank John Ninivaggi MD of Yale University School of Medicine, researched and outlined its various postulates in one major textbook form suitable to Western academic science.[40] In the United States of America, the NIH NCCAM expends some of its $123 million budget on Ayurvedic medicine research. In addition, the National Institute of Ayurvedic Medicine, established by Dr. Scott Gerson, is an example of a research institute that has carried out research into Ayurvedic practices.[41] Gerson has published part of his work on the antifungal activities of certain Ayurvedic plants in academic journals.[42] The postulates and history of Ayurveda have also been outlined by foreign scholars—such as Dominik Wujastyk in the United Kingdom.[43] Questionable practices in research involving financial gains have resulted in the questioning of some of the research and cases such as the Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health have involved litigations.[44][45]
[edit] Journals

A variety of peer reviewed journals focus on the topic of ayurvedic medicine, including the Theoretical and Experimental Journal of Ayurveda and Siddha (TEJAS; published between 1981 and 2008 as Ancient Science of Life)[46] the Journal of Research & Education in Indian Medicine (JREIM),[47] AYU (published quarterly)[48] and The International Journal for Ayurveda Research (published quarterly)[49] None of the journals are PubMed indexed.
[edit] Patents

In December 1993, the University of Mississippi Medical Center had a patent issued to them by United States Patent and Trademark Office on the use of turmeric for healing.[50] The patent was contested by India's industrial research organization, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (C.S.I.R), on the grounds that traditional Ayurvedic practitioners were already aware of the healing properties of the substance and have been for centuries, making this patent a case of bio-piracy.[51] The Government of India had become involved in promoting traditional medicine by 1997.[52] Sharma & Bodeker report on the various government activities in relation with Ayurveda:[52]
In India the government became involved in traditional drug production when the Central Drug Research Institute patented two new drugs from ancient Ayurvedic formulas. One, a mixture of black pepper, long pepper, and ginger, allows for the dosage of the antibiotic rifampicin to be halved in the treatment of tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections. The other is a memory tonic produced from the traditional plant called brahmi. Overseas patenting of turmeric and products of the neem tree caused controversy in India and other nations. In August the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office canceled a U.S. patent on the wound-healing properties of turmeric when the Indian government proved that records had existed for this use for centuries.
[edit] Scientific evidence
Chemical structure of curcumin used in Ayurvedic medicine. Shown here in its ketone form.
Research suggests that Terminalia arjuna is useful in alleviating the pain of angina pectoris and in treating heart failure and coronary artery disease. Terminalia may also be useful in treating hypercholesterolemia[53]

As a traditional medicine, many Ayurveda products have not been tested in rigorous scientific studies and clinical trials.[54] In India, research in Ayurveda is largely undertaken by the statutory body of the Central Government, the Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha (CCRAS), through a national network of research institutes.[55] A systematic review of Ayurveda treatments for rheumatoid arthritis concluded that there was insufficient evidence, as most of the trials were not done properly, and the one high-quality trial showed no benefits.[56] A review of Ayurveda and cardiovascular disease concluded that while the herbal evidence is not yet convincing, the spices are appropriate, some herbs are promising, and yoga is also a promising complementary treatment.[57]

Some ayurvedic products, mainly herbs used for phytotherapy, have been tested with promising results. Turmeric and its derivative curcumin appears to have beneficial properties.[58] Tinspora cordifolia has been tested.[59] Among the medhya rasayanas (intellect rejuvenation), two varieties of Salvia have been tested in small trials; one trial provided evidence that Salvia lavandulifolia (Spanish sage) may improve word recall in young adults,[60] and another provided evidence that Salvia officinalis (Common sage) may improve symptoms in Alzheimer's patients.[61] In some cases Ayurvedic medicine may provide clues to therapeutic compounds. For example, derivatives of snake venom have various therapeutic properties.[62] Many plants used as rasayana (rejuvenation) medications are potent antioxidants.[63] Neem appears to have beneficial pharmacological properties as well.[64]
Azadirachta indica—believed to have immunopotentiating abilities and used often as an anti-infective—has been found to enhance the production of IL-2 and increase immunity in human volunteers by boosting lymphocyte and T-cell count in three weeks.[65]
Black pepper and long pepper are combined with ginger to form the traditionaltrikatu mixture in Ayurveda. This mixture increases appetite, promotes the secretion of digestive juices, and cures certain gastric disorders—particularly Achlorhydria and Hypochlorhydria.[66]

Mitra & Rangesh (2003) hold that cardamom and cinnamon are believed to stimulate digestive enzymes that break down polymeric macromolecules in the human body.[19] Research suggests that Terminalia arjuna is useful in alleviating the pain of angina pectoris and in treating heart failure and coronary artery disease.[53] Terminalia arjuna may also be useful in treating hypercholesterolemia.[53] Azadirachta indica is believed to have immunopotentiating abilities and is used often as an anti-infective.[65] It has been found to enhance the production of IL-2 and increase immunity in human volunteers by boosting lymphocyte and T-cell count in three weeks.[65] Both black pepper and long pepper find application in Ayurvedic medicine in conjunction with ginger to form trikatu—a traditional mixture.[66] Trikatu has been suggested to increase appetite, promote the secretion of digestive juices, and cure certain gastric disorders—particularly achlorhydria and hypochlorhydria.[66]

Scientist Richard Dawkins has criticized the use of Ayurveda in the west, claiming that while westerners are turning to Ayurveda, Indians are "voting with their feet" and turning to modern medicine. Furthermore, he says that “The idea that ancient equals years of accumulated wisdom is a fallacy… Resuscitating Ayurveda today is rather like bringing back bleeding with leeches.”[67]
[edit] Safety

Major safety concerns include adulteration of herbal medicines with toxic metals, and intrinsic toxicity of herbal medications. Some traditional Ayurvedic treatments use toxic metals, herbs, and minerals as part of their remedies. Rasa Shastra, the practice of adding metals, minerals or gems to herbs, increases the likelihood of toxic metals such as lead, mercury, or arsenic in the remedy.[68]

A 2004 study found toxic heavy metals such as lead, mercury and arsenic in 20% of Ayurvedic preparations that were made in South Asia for sale around Boston and extrapolated the data to America. It concluded that excess consumption of these products could cause health risks.[69] A 2008 study found that approximately 20% of remedies (and 40% of rasa shastra medicines) purchased over the internet from both US and Indian suppliers were contaminated with lead, mercury or arsenic.[68][70] More than 230 products were included in the study.[71]

Traditionally the toxicity of these materials are believed to be reduced through processes such as samskaras or shodhanas (for metals), which is similar to the Chinese pao zhi, although the Ayurvedic technique is more complex and may involve prayers as well as physical pharmacy techniques.[72] Rigorous evidence that the metals may be rendered nontoxic is not available, and case reports describe adverse effects to these metals.[68]

There is evidence that using some Ayurvedic medicines, especially those involving herbs, metals, minerals, or other materials involves potentially serious risks, including toxicity.[54][73] Adverse reactions to herbs due their pharmacology are described in traditional Ayurveda texts, but Ayurvedic practitioners are reluctant to admit that herbs could be toxic and the reliable information on herbal toxicity is not easily available.[74]

Following concerns about metal toxicity, the Government of India ruled that Ayurvedic products must specify their metallic content directly on the labels of the product.[75] The harmful effects of the samples is attributed in part to the adulterated raw material and lack of workers trained in traditional medicine.[76] In a letter to the Indian Academy of Sciences, director of the Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Pune Patwardhan Bhushan stated that the metal adulteration is due to contamination and carelessness during the much faster modern manufacturing processes, and does not occur with traditional methods of preparation.[77] Publication of the levels of contamination found in the products has resulted in decline of Ayurveda in India as well as abroad.[76]

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Herbal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about a type of book. For herbal medicine and related topics, see herbalism.
Dioscorides', De Materia Medica, Byzantium, 15th century.

A(n) herbal is a book containing the names and descriptions of plants, usually with information on their virtues (properties)— especially medicinal, tonic, culinary, toxic, hallucinatory, aromatic, or magical powers, or legends associated with them.[1] A herbal may also systematically arrange or classify the plants by various criteria,[2] may give recipes for herbal extracts, tinctures, or potions, and sometimes included mineral and animal medicaments in addition to those obtained from plants. Herbals were often illustrated to assist plant identification.[3]

Herbals were among the first literature produced in Ancient Egypt, China, India, and Europe.[4] Their useful content and accessible format made them attractive to general readers, as well as to herbalists, apothecaries and physicians.[5] In the Western European Age of Discovery herbals were produced, either by Europeans or indigenous people, for the Americas, Africa, and other lands newly discovered by Europeans. Herbals were among the first books to be printed in both China and Europe. In Western Europe herbals flourished during the two centuries after the invention of moveable type (c. 1470–1670).[6]

The word herbal is derived from the mediaeval Latin liber herbalis ("book of herbs")[7] Herbals can be distinguished from florilegium, a treatise on flowers[8] with emphasis on their beauty and enjoyment rather than their utility.[9]

Starting in the late 17th century, the rise of modern chemistry, toxicology and pharmacology largely made the classical herbals obsolete as a medical resource. As reference manuals for botanical study and indentification of plants, herbals were supplanted by the Floras — systematic surveys of the plants found growing in a particular region, with scientifically accurate botanical descriptions, classification, and illustrations.[10]

Herbals have seen a modest revival in the western world since the last decades of the 20th century, as herbalism and related disciplines (such as homeopathy and aromatherapy) became popular as forms of complementary and alternative medicine.[11]
Contents
[hide]

* 1 History
* 2 China, India, Mexico
o 2.1 Shennong pen Ts’ao ching of China
o 2.2 Sushruta Samhita of India
o 2.3 Hernandez - Rerum Medicarum and the Aztecs
* 3 Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece and Rome
o 3.1 Papyrus Ebers
o 3.2 Dioscorides - De Materia Medica
o 3.3 Pliny - Naturalis Historia
* 4 The Dark Ages and Arab World
o 4.1 Albertus Magnus - De Vegetabilibus
* 5 Western Europe
o 5.1 Anglo-Saxon herbals
o 5.2 Anglo-Norman herbals
o 5.3 Fifteenth century incunabula
o 5.4 Fifteenth century manuscripts
o 5.5 Low Countries - Dodoens, Lobel, Clusius
o 5.6 Spain and Portugal - de Orta, Monardes, Hernandez
o 5.7 Germany - Bock, Brunfels and Fuchs
o 5.8 Italy - Mattioli, Calzolari, Alpino
o 5.9 England - Turner, Gerard, Parkinson, Culpeper
* 6 Legacy
* 7 See also
* 8 References
* 9 Bibliography
* 10 External links

[edit] History

Many ancient societes have a body of traditional medicine, largely based on herbalism, that predates the invention of writing. It is not surprising that, as they became literate, those cultures felt the urge to commit that knowledge to writing — in the form of herbals.[12]

Before the advent of printing, herbals were produced as manuscripts, which could be kept as scrolls or loose sheets, or bound into codices.[13] Early handwritten herbals were often illustrated with paintings and drawings. Like other manuscript books, herbals were "published" through repeated copying by hand, either by professional scribes or by the readers themselves. In the process of making a copy, the copyist would often translate, expand, adapt, or reorder the content. Most of the original herbals have been lost; many have survived only as later copies (of copies of copies...), and many others are known only through references from other texts.[14][15].

As printing became available, it was promptly used to publish herbals. In Europe, the first printed herbal with woodcut (xylograph) illustrations, the Puch der Natur of Konrad of Megenberg, appeared in 1475.[16] Metal-engraved plates were first used in about 1580.[17] The woodcuts and metal engravings could now be reproduced indefinitely, and they were traded among printers: there was therefore a large increase in the number of illustrations together with an improvement in quality and detail.[18]
[edit] China, India, Mexico
[edit] Shennong pen Ts’ao ching of China
Further information: Chinese herbology and Chinese Herbal Medicine

China is renowned for its traditional herbal medicine that date back thousands of years.[19][20] Legend has it that Emperor Shennong, the founder of Chinese herbal medicine, composed the Shennong pen Ts’ao ching or Great Herbal in about 2700 BCE as the forerunner of all later Chinese herbals.[21] It survives as a copy made c. 500 CE and describes about 365 herbs.[22] High quality herbals and monographs on particular plants were produced in the period to 1250 CE including: the Chen Lei Pen Ts’ao written by T’Ang Shenwei in 1108 passing through 12 editions until 1600; a monograph on the lychee by Ts’ai Hsiang in 1059 and one on the oranges of Wen-Chou by Han Yen-Chih in 1178.[23] In 1406 Chou Wang Hsiao published a herbal Chiu Huang Pen Ts'ao. It contained high quality woodcuts and descriptions of 414 species of plants of which 276 were described for the first time, the book pre-dating the first European printed book by 69 years. It was reprinted many times. [24] Other herbals include Pen Ts'ao Fa Hui in 1450 by Hsu Yung and Pen Ts'ao Kangmu of Li Shi Chen in 1590.[25]
[edit] Sushruta Samhita of India
Further information: Sushruta Samhita and Ayurveda

Traditional herbal medicine of India, known as Ayurveda, possibly dates back to the second millennium BCE tracing its origins to the holy Hindu Vedas and, in particular, the Atharvaveda.[26] One authentic compilation of teachings is by the surgeon Sushruta, available in a treatise called Sushruta Samhita. This contains 184 chapters and description of 1120 illnesses, 700 medicinal plants, 64 preparations from mineral sources and 57 preparations based on animal sources.[27] Other early works of Ayurveda include the Charaka Samhita, attributed to Charaka. This tradition, however is mostly oral. The earliest surviving written material which contains the works of Sushruta is the Bower Manuscript—dated to the 4th century CE.[28]
[edit] Hernandez - Rerum Medicarum and the Aztecs

We have an illustrated herbal published in Mexico in 1552, written in the Aztec Nauhuatl language by a native physician, [Martín Cruz (herbal author)|Martín Cruz]] as the Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis ("Book of Medicinal Herbs of the Indies") which probably represents the medicine of the Aztecs although the formal illustrations, resembling European ones, suggest that the artists were following the traditions of their Spanish masters rather than an indigenous style of drawing.[29] In 1570 Francisco Hernández (c.1514-1580) was sent from Spain to study the natural resources of New Spain (now Mexico). Here he drew on indigenous sources, including the extensive botanical gardens that had been established by the Aztecs, to record c. 1200 plants in his Rerum Medicarum of 1615. Nicolás Monardes’ Dos Libros (1569) contains the first published illustration of tobacco.[30]
Statue of Theophrastus c. 371 – c. 287 BCE, Orto botanico di Palermo
[edit] Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece and Rome
Further information: Ancient Egyptian medicine, Ancient Greek medicine, and Medicine in ancient Rome

By about 2000 BCE medical papyri in ancient Egypt included medical prescriptions based on plant matter and made reference to the herbalists combination of medicines and magic for healing.[31]
[edit] Papyrus Ebers
Main article: Papyrus Ebers
A page from the Ebers Papyrus, the most complete and extensive of surviving ancient herbals.

The ancient Egyptian Papyrus Ebers is one of the earliest known herbals; it dates to 1550 BCE and is based on sources, now lost, dating back a further 500 to 2000 years.[32] The earliest Sumerian herbal dates from about 2500 BCE as a copied manuscript of the 7th century BCE. Inscribed Assyrian tablets dated 668–626 BCE list about 250 vegetable drugs: the tablets include herbal plant names that are still in us today including: saffron, cumin, turmeric and sesame.[33]

The ancient Greeks gleaned much of their medicinal knowledge from Egypt and Mesopotamia.[34] Hippocrates (460-377 BCE), the "father of medicine" (renowned for the eponymous Hippocratic oath), used about 400 drugs, most being of plant origin. However, the first Greek herbal of any note was written by Diocles of Carystus in the fourth century BC - although nothing remains of this except its mention in the written record. It was Aristotle’s pupil Theophrastus (371–287 BCE) in his Historia Plantarum and De Causis Plantarum (better known as the Enquiry into Plants) that established the scientific system of plants. Based largely on Aristotle’s notes, the Ninth Book of his Enquiry deals specifically with medicinal herbs and their uses including the recommendations of herbalists and druggists of the day and his plant descriptions often included their natural habitat and geographic distribution.[35] With the formation of the Alexandrian School c. 330 BCE medicine flourished and written herbals of this period included those of the physicians Herophilus, Mantias, Andreas of Karystos, Appolonius Mys, and Nicander.[36] The work of rhizomatist (the rhizomati were the doctors of the day, berated by Theophrastus for their superstition) Crateuas (fl. 110 BCE) is of special note because he effectively started the tradition of the illustrated herbal in the first century before the Christian era.[37]
Arabic Book of Simple Drugs (c.1334) from Dioscorides’ De Materia Medica. By Kathleen Cohen, in the British Museum.
[edit] Dioscorides - De Materia Medica
Main article: Materia Medica

The De Materia Medica (c. 40-90 CE; Greek, Περί ύλης ιατρικής) of Pedanios Dioscorides was produced in about 65 CE. It was the single greatest classical authority on the subject and the most influential herbal ever written,[38] serving as a model for herbals and pharmacopoeias, both oriental and occidental, for the next 1000 years up to the Renaissance.[39] It drew together much of the accumulated herbal knowledge of the time, including some 500 medicinal plants. The original has been lost but a magnificent illustrated Byzantine copy, known as the Codex Vindobonensis, dates from about 512 CE.[40]
[edit] Pliny - Naturalis Historia
Main article: Naturalis Historia

Pliny the Elder's (23– 79 CE) encyclopaedic Naturalis Historia (c. 77-79 CE) is a synthesis of the information contained in about 2000 scrolls and it includes myths and folklore: there are about 200 extant copies of this work. It comprises 37 books of which sixteen (Books 12-27) are devoted to trees, plants and medicaments and, of these, seven describe medicinal plants. In medieval herbals, along with De Materia Medica it is Pliny's work that is the most frequently mentioned of the classical texts, even though the work De Simplicibus of Galen (131-201 CE) is more detailed and notable.[41] Another Latin translation of Greek works that was widely copied in the Middle Ages, probably illustrated in the original, was that attributed to Apuleius and this also contained the alternative names for particular plants given in several languages. It dates to about 400 CE and a surviving copy dates to about 600 CE.[42]
[edit] The Dark Ages and Arab World

During the 600 years of the European Middle Ages from 600 to 1200 CE the tradition of herbal lore fell to the monasteries. Many of the monks were skilled at the production of books and manuscripts and the tending of both medicinal gardens and the sick, but written works of this period simply emulated those of the classical era.[43]

Meanwhile in the Arab world by 900 CE the great Greek herbals had been translated and copies lodged in centres of learning in the Byzantine empire of the eastern Mediterranean including Byzantium, Damascus, Cairo and Baghdad where they were combined with the botanical and pharmacological lore of the Orient.[44] In the medieval Islamic world, Muslim botanists and Muslim physicians made a major contribution to the knowledge of herbal medicines. al-Dinawari described more than 637 plant drugs in the 9th century,[45] Ibn al-'Awwam described 585 microbiological cultures (55 of which concern fruit trees) in the 12th century,[46] and Ibn al-Baitar described more than 1,400 different plants, foods and drugs, over 300 of which were his own original discoveries, in the 13th century.[47] Others associated with this period include Mesue Maior (Masawaiyh, 777-857 CE) who, in his Opera Medicinalia, synthesised the knowledge of Greeks, Persians, Arabs, Indians and Babylonians and this work was complemented by the medical encyclopaedia of Avicenna (Ibn Sina, 980-1037 CE).[48] Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine was used for centuries in both East and West.[49] During this period Islamic science protected classical botanical knowledge that had been ignored in the West and Muslim pharmacy thrived.
[edit] Albertus Magnus - De Vegetabilibus
Albertus Magnus c.1193-1280, author of De Vegetabilibus
Main article: Albertus Magnus

In the 13th century scientific enquiry was returning and this was manifest through the production of encyclopaedias, those noted for their plant content included a treatise by Albertus Magnus (c.1193–1280) a Suabian educated at the University of Padua and a tutor to St Thomas Aquinas). It was called De vegetabilibus (c.1256 AD) and even though based on original observations and plant descriptions rather than questions than medicine it bore a close resemblance to the earlier Greek, Roman and Arabic herbals.[50] Another famous account of the period was De Proprietatibus Rerum (c.1230–1240) of English Franciscan monk Bartholomaeus Anglicus.
[edit] Western Europe
Illustration from Elizabeth Blackwell's A Curious Herbal

Perhaps the best known herbals were produced in Europe between 1470 and 1670 [51] The invention in Germany of printing from movable type in a printing press c. 1440 was a great stimulus to herbalism. The new herbals were more detailed with greater general appeal and often with Gothic script and the addition of woodcut illustrations that more closely resembled the plants being described.

Early printed herbals include the Kreuterbuch of Hieronymus Tragus from Germany in 1539 and, in England, the New Herball of William Turner in 1551 were arranged, like the classical herbals, either alphabetically, according to their medicinal properties, or as "herbs, shrubs, trees"[52] Arrangement of plants in later herbals such as Cruydboeck of Dodoens and John Gerard’s Herball of 1597 became more related to their physical similarities and this heralds the beginnings of scientific classification. By 1640 a herbal had been printed that included about 3800 plants – nearly all the plants of the day that were known.[53]

In the Modern Age and Renaissance, European herbals diversified and innovated, and came to rely more on direct observation than being mere adaptations of traditional models. Typical examples from the period are the fully illustrated De historia stirpium commentarii insignes by Leonhart Fuchs (1542, with over 400 plants), the astrologically-oriented Complete Herbal by Nicholas Culpeper (1653), and the Curious Herbal by Elizabeth Blackwell (1737).
[edit] Anglo-Saxon herbals

Anglo-Saxon plant knowledge and gardening skills (the garden was called a wyrtzerd, literally, herb-yard) appears to have exceeded that on the continent.[54] Our limited knowledge of Anglo-Saxon plant vernacular comes primarily from manuscripts that include: the Leech Book of Bald, the Lacnunga.[55] The Leech Book of Bald (Bald was probably a friend of King Alfred of England) was painstakingly produced by the scribe Cild in about 900–950 CE. This was written in the vernacular tongue and not derived from Greek texts.[56] The oldest illustrated herbal from Saxon times is a translation of the Latin Herbarius Apulei Platonici, one of the most popular medical works of medieval times, the original dating from the fifth century, this Saxon translation was produced about 1000–1050 CE.[57] Another vernacular herbal was the Buch der natur or "Book of Nature" by Konrad von Megenberg (1309–1374) which contains the first two botanical woodcuts ever made; it is also the first work of its kind in the vernacular.[58][59]
[edit] Anglo-Norman herbals

In the 12th and early 13th centuries under the influence of the Norman conquest the herbals produced in Britain fell less under the influence of France and Germany and more that of Sicily and the Near east. This showed itself through the Byzantine influenced Romanesque framed illustrations. Anglo-Saxon herbals in the vernacular were replaced by herbals in Latin including Macers Herbal, De Viribus Herbarum (largely derived from Pliny), with the English translation completed in about 1373.[60]
[edit] Fifteenth century incunabula

The first printed herbal appeared in 1469, a version of Pliny's Historia Naturalis: this was published nine years before Dioscorides De Materia Medica was set in type.[61] Important incunabula include the encyclopaedic De Proprietatibus Rerum of Franciscan monk Bartholomew Anglicus (c. 1203–1272) which, as a manuscript, had first appeared between 1248 and1260 in at least six languages and after being first printed in 1470 ran to 25 editions.[62] Assyrian physician Mesue (926-1016) wrote the popular De Simplicibus, Grabadin and Liber Medicinarum Particularum the first of his printings being in 1471. These were followed, in Italy, by the Herbarium of Apuleius Platonicus and three German works published in Mainz, the Latin Herbarius (1484), the first herbal published in Germany, German Herbarius (1485), the latter evolving into the Ortus Sanitatis (1491). To these can be added Macer’s De Virtutibus Herbarum, based on Plinys work, the printed edition of 1477 being among the first printed herbals with illustrations.[63]
[edit] Fifteenth century manuscripts

Before 1542 the works principally used by apothecaries were the treatises on simples by Avicenna and the mysterious Serapion’s Liber De Simplici Medicina; the De Synonymis and other publications of Simon Januensis, the Liber Servitoris of Bulchasim Ben Aberazerim, which described the preparations made from plants, animals and minerals, provided a model for the chemical treatment of modern pharmacopoeias. There was also the Antidotarium of Nicolaus de Salerno, which contained Galenical compounds arranged in alphabetical order.[64]
[edit] Low Countries - Dodoens, Lobel, Clusius

Sixteenth century Netherlands was flourished. Translations of early Greeco-Roman texts published in German by Bock in 1546 as Kreuter Buch were subsequently translated into Dutch as Pemptades by Rembert Dodoens (1517–1585) who was a Belgian botanist of world renown. This was an elaboration of his first publication Cruydeboeck (1554).[65]Matthias de Lobel (1538–1616) published his Stirpium Adversaria Nova (1570–1571) and a massive compilation of illustrations[66] while Clusius’ (1526–1609) magnum opus was Rariorum Plantarum Historia of 1601 which was a compilation of his Spanish and Hungarian floras and included over 600 plants that were new to science.[67]. The descriptive accounts of regional floras by these three botanico-physicians formed the basis of the later botanical systems of Caesalpino, Bauhin and Linnaeus.
A Hans Weiditz hand-coloured woodcut from Otto Brunfels' Herbarum Vivae Eicones.
[edit] Spain and Portugal - de Orta, Monardes, Hernandez

The Spaniards and Portuguese were explorers, the Portuguese to India (Vasco da Gama) and Goa where physician Garcia de Orta (1490–1570) based his work Coloquios dos Simples (1563). The first botanical knowledge of the New World came from Spaniard Nicolas Monardes (1493–) who published Dos Libros between 1569 and 1571.[68] The work of Hernandez on the herbal medicine of the Aztecs has already been discussed.
[edit] Germany - Bock, Brunfels and Fuchs
Further information: Hans Weiditz

Otto Brunfels (c.1489–1534), Leonhart Fuchs (1501– 1566) and Hieronymus Bock (1498–1554) were known as the "German fathers of botany"[69] although this title belies the fact that they trod in the steps of the scientifically feted Hildegard of Bingen and her accomplished work of 1150, Physica (manuscript no longer in existence) but first printed in 1533.[70] The 1530 Herbarum Vivae Eicones of Brunfels contained the exquisite, botanically accurate original woodcut illustrations of Hans Weiditz along with 47 species new to science. Bock, in setting out to describe the plants of his native Germany, produced the New Kreuterbuch of 1539 describing the plants he had found in the woods and fields but without illustration; this was supplemented by a second edition in 1546 that contained 365 woodcuts. Bock was possibly the first to adopt a botanical arrangement based on appearance, qualities and other indications of relationship including their ecology and communities. In this he was placing emphasis on botanical rather than medicinal characteristics, unlike the other German herbals. De Historia Stirpium (1542) of Fuchs was a later publication with 509 high quality woodcuts that paid close attention to botanical detail and overall design and it included many plants introduced to Germany in the sixteenth century that were new to science.[71] It is with Fuchs that we reach the high water mark of the Renaissance herbal.[72]
[edit] Italy - Mattioli, Calzolari, Alpino

Italian herbals bear the stamp of a country that initiated the Renaissance and a vigorous commerce. In Italy especially herbals changed from copies of old texts to description of plants made by direct observation, sometimes brought back from exploration and trade in new lands, and sometimes of the local flora as in the Viaggio di Monte Baldo (1566) of Francisco Calzolari , which including drawings made from life, thus extending the ancient lists. Other contributors included Pietro Andrea Mattioli (1501–1577), physician to the Italian aristocracy and his Commentarii (1544) which including many new species and more traditional herbal Epistolarum Medicinalium Libri Quinque (1561). Prospero Alpino (1553-1617) in 1592 published the highly popular De Plantis Aegypti and he also established a botanical garden in Padua in 1542 which, together with those at Pisa and Florence, rank among the world’s first.[73]
[edit] England - Turner, Gerard, Parkinson, Culpeper
Further information: William Turner (ornithologist), John Parkinson (botanist), Nicholas Culpeper, and John Gerard

The first true herbal printed in Britain was Banckes Herball of 1525[74] which, although popular in its day, was unillustrated and soon eclipsed by the most famous of the early printed herbals, Peter Treveris's Grete Herball of 1526 (derived in turn from the derivative French Grand Herbier).[75]
An engraving of Parkinson from his monumental work Theatrum Botanicum (1640), reprinted in Agnes Arber's Herbals

William Turner (?1508-7 to 1568) was an English naturalist, botanist, and theologian who studied at Cambridge University to eventually became known as the “father of English botany” achieving botanical notoriety through his 1538 publication Libellus de re Herbaria Novus which was the first essay on scientific botany in English. His three-parted A New Herball of 1551-1562-1568, with woodcut illustrations taken from Fuchs, was noted for its original contributions and extensive medicinal content and for being more accessible by being written in vernacular English. Turner described over 200 species native to England.[76] and his work had a strong influence on later eminent botanists such as John Ray and Jean Bauhin.

John Gerard (1545–1612) is the most famous of all the English herbalists.[77] His Herball of 1597 is, like most herbals, largely derivative and we shall probably never know its full history. It appears to be a reformulation of Hieronymus Bock's Kreuterbuch subsequently translated into Dutch as Pemptades by Rembert Dodoens (1517–1585), and thence into English by Carolus Clusius, (1526–1609) then re-worked by Henry Lyte in 1578 as A Nievve Herball. This became the basis of Gerard's Herball or General Hiftorie of Plantes.[78] that appeared in 1597 with its 1800 woodcuts (only 16 original). Although largely derivative, Gerard's popularity can be attributed to his charming and original overlay of evocations of plants and places in Elizabethan England and to the clear influence of gardens and gardening on this work.[79] He had published, in 1596, Catalogus which was a list of 1033 plants growing in his garden.[80]

John Parkinson (1567–1650) was an apothecary and author of two famous texts. The first was Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris in 1629: this was essentially a gardening book, a florilegium for which Charles 1 awarded him the title Botanicus Regius Primarius. The second was his Theatrum Botanicum of 1629, the largest herbal ever produced in the English language. It lacked the quality illustrations of Gerard's works, but was a massive and informative compendium including about 3800 plants (twice the number of Gerard's first edition Herball), over 1750 pages and over 2,700 woodcuts.[81] This was effectively the last and culminating herbal of its kind and, although it included more plants of no discernible economic or medicinal use than ever before, they were nevertheless arranged according to their properties rather than their natural affinities.[82]
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Nicholas Culpeper (1616 – 1654) was an English botanist, herbalist, physician, apothecary and astrologer from London's East End.[83] His published books were A Physicall Directory[84] (1649), which was a pseudoscientific pharmacopoeia. The English Physitian[85] (1652) and the Complete Herbal[86] (1653), contain a rich store of pharmaceutical and herbal knowledge. He was one of the most eminent and popular 17th century herbalists in the English speaking world best known for his Complete Herbal and English Physician which nevertheless lacked scientific credibility because it was astrological. This herbal reveals the Graeco-Arabic medicine of the day. Culpeper combines diseases, plants and astrological prognosis into a simple integrated system that has proved extremely popular to the present day being a strong influence on anthroposophy (biodynamic gardening). Included in the ranks of the more bizarre would be the Curious Herbal of Elizabeth Blackwell (1737).
[edit] Legacy
Further information: Pharmacopoeia, Plant taxonomy, and Flora
Back cover of the Chinese pharmacopoeia First Edition, published in 1930.

The legacy of the herbal can be seen not only in medicine, but also in botany and horticulture. Although herbal medicine is still practiced in many parts of the world, the traditional herbal essentially ended with the European Renaissance and the rise of modern medicine with its emphasis on synthetic and industrialized drugs. Herbals have evolved into the pharmacopoeia which, in its modern technical sense, has been given the sanction of a government, medical or pharmaceutical society. The first British Pharmacopoeia was published in the English language in 1864, but gave such general dissatisfaction both to the medical profession and to chemists and druggists that the General Medical Council brought out a new and amended edition in 1867. With modern large-scale book production there are now a wide range of books on culinary herbs and herb gardens, medicinal and useful plants. The enduring desire for simple medicinal information on specific plants has resulted in a number of modern herbals that echo the herbals of the past, an example being Maud Grieve's A Modern Herbal, first published in 1931 but with many subsequent editions.
Illustration of Delphinium peregrinum in Flora Graeca by John Sibthorp and Ferdinand Bauer (1806–1840).

The magical and mystical side of the herbal also lives on. Alongside the genuine herbals other works of a more superstitious or experimental nature existed - and still do. Many were concerned with the fanciful medical theory of the doctrine of signatures, the use of plants to cure human ailments on the basis of supposed anatomical resemblances between the ailment or part of the body affected and the appearance of the plant. The astrology of Culpeper can be seen in contemporary anthroposophy (biodynamic gardening); it is likely that alternative medical approaches like homeopathy, aromatherapy and other new age approaches to medicine find their origins in herbals and traditional medicine.

It is often forgotten that the herbal found its application in the herb gardens that were used as repositories for the supply and study of the plants the herbals described. This tradition was a part of the medieval monastery garden that supplied the simples or officinals needed for the treatment of the sick being cared for within the monastery. Early physic gardens were always associated with an institute of learning, be it a monastery, university or herbarium. It was this medieval garden of the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries attended by apothecaries and physicians that established a tradition that passed in a direct line to the systems gardens of the eighteenth century (gardens that demonstrated the classification system of plants) passing through to the modern botanical garden.

The advent of printing and wood-engraving permitted the efficient continuity of knowledge and observation. Herbals contributed to botany by setting in train the science of plant description, classification and illustration.[87] From the time of the ancients like Dioscorides through to Parkinson in 1629, the scope of the herbal remained essentially the same. The tradition of grand herbal compendia effectively ended in the early seventeenth century but the herbal legacy has continued in several ways. Up to the seventeenth century botany and medicine were one and the same but gradually some books omitted medicinal properties to become more botanical, and medical books progressively ignored the plant lore to become pharmacopoias. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries plant description and classification began to relate plants to one-another and not to man. This was the first glimpse of non-anthropocentric botanical science since Theophrastus and, coupled with the new system of binomial nomenclature resulted in "scientific herbals" called Floras that detailed and illustrated the plants growing in a particular region. These books were often backed by herbaria, collections of dried plants that verified the plant descriptions given in the Floras. So modern botany and, especially plant taxonomy, was born out of medicine. As herbal historian Agnes Arber remarks - "Sibthorp's monumental Flora Graeca is, indeed, the direct descendant in modern science of the De Materia Medica of Dioscorides."[88]
[edit] See also
Search Wiktionary Look up Herbal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

* List of culinary herbs and spices
* List of plants used as medicine
In medicine
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For at least 2700 years, honey has been used by humans to treat a variety of ailments through topical application, but only recently have the antiseptic and antibacterial properties of honey been chemically explained.

Wound gels that contain antibacterial raw honey and have regulatory approval for wound care are now available to help conventional medicine in the battle against drug resistant strains of bacteria MRSA. As an antimicrobial agent honey may have the potential for treating a variety of ailments. One New Zealand researcher says a particular type of honey may be useful in treating MRSA infections.[61] Antibacterial properties of honey are the result of the low water activity causing osmosis, hydrogen peroxide effect,[62] and high acidity.[63]

Honey appears to be effective in killing drug-resistant biofilms which are implicated in chronic rhinosinusitis.[64]
[edit] Osmotic effect

Honey is primarily a saturated mixture of two monosaccharides. This mixture has a low water activity; most of the water molecules are associated with the sugars and few remain available for microorganisms, so it is a poor environment for their growth. If water is mixed with honey, it loses its low water activity, and therefore no longer possesses this antimicrobial property.
[edit] Hydrogen peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide in honey is activated by dilution. However, unlike medical hydrogen peroxide, commonly 3% by volume, it is present in a concentration of only 1 mmol/L in honey. Honey chelates and deactivates the free ion, which starts the formation of oxygen free radicals produced by hydrogen peroxide and the antioxidant constituents in honey help clean up oxygen free radicals present. http://www.worldwidewounds.com/2001/november/Molan/honey-as-topical-agent.html

C6H12O6 + H2O + O2 → C6H12O7 + H2O2

When used topically (as, for example, a wound dressing), hydrogen peroxide is produced by dilution with body fluids. As a result, hydrogen peroxide is released slowly and acts as an antiseptic.
[edit] In diabetic ulcers

Topical honey has been used successfully in a comprehensive treatment of diabetic ulcers when the patient cannot use other topical antibiotics.[65]
[edit] Acidity

The pH of honey is commonly between 3.2 and 4.5.[63] This relatively acidic pH level prevents the growth of many bacteria.
[edit] Nutraceutical effects

Antioxidants in honey have even been implicated in reducing the damage done to the colon in colitis.[66] Such claims are consistent with its use in many traditions of folk medicine.[67]
[edit] For throats

Honey has also been used for centuries as a treatment for sore throats and coughs, and according to recent research may in fact be as effective as many common cough medicines.[68] It is important to remember however that this is an initial study with a small sample size.

Mixed with lemon juice and consumed slowly, honey coats the throat, alleviating discomfort. The antibacterial and antiseptic properties of honey aid in healing sore throats and laryngitis.
[edit] Other medical applications

Some studies suggest that the topical use of honey may reduce odors, swelling, and scarring when used to treat wounds; it may also prevent the dressing from sticking to the healing wound.[63]

Honey has been shown to be an effective treatment for conjunctivitis in rats.[69]

Though widely believed to alleviate allergies, commercial honey has been shown to be no more effective than placebos in controlled studies of ocular allergies.[70] However, a recent study has shown pollen collected by bees to exert an anti allergenic effect, mediated by an inhibition of IgE immunoglobulin binding to mast cells. This inhibited mast cell degranulation and thus reduced allergic reaction.[71]

Honey mixed with water and vinegar was also used as a vermifuge.[citation needed] The concoction was called Oxymellin.

A review in the Cochrane Library suggests that honey could reduce the time it takes for a burn to heal - up to four days sooner in some cases. The review included 19 studies with 2,554 participants. Although the honey treatment healed moderate burns faster than traditional dressings did, the author recommends viewing the findings with caution, since a single researcher performed all of the burn studies.[72]
[edit] Potential health hazards

Because of the natural presence of botulinum endospores in honey,[73] children under one year of age should not be given honey. The more developed digestive systems of older children and adults generally destroy the spores. Infants, however, can contract botulism from honey.[74]

Infantile botulism shows geographical variation. In the UK there have only been six cases reported between 1976 and 2006[75] yet the USA show much higher rates 1.9 per 100,000 live births, 47.2% of which are in California.[76] Although honey has been implicated as a risk factor for infection it is household dust that is the major source of spores. Therefore the risk honey poses to infant health is small, if uncertain.[77]

Honey produced from the flowers of rhododendrons, mountain laurels, sheep laurel, and azaleas may cause honey intoxication. Symptoms include dizziness, weakness, excessive perspiration, nausea, and vomiting. Less commonly, low blood pressure, shock, heart rhythm irregularities, and convulsions may occur, with rare cases resulting in death. Honey intoxication is more likely when using "natural" unprocessed honey and honey from farmers who may have a small number of hives. Commercial processing, with pooling of honey from numerous sources generally dilutes any toxins.[78]

Toxic honey may also result when bees are in close proximity to tutu bushes (Coriaria arborea) and the vine hopper insect (Scolypopa australis). Both are found throughout New Zealand. Bees gather honeydew produced by the vine hopper insects feeding on the tutu plant. This introduces the poison tutin into honey.[79] Only a few areas in New Zealand (Coromandel Peninsula, Eastern Bay of Plenty and the Marlborough Sound) frequently produce toxic honey. Symptoms of tutin poisoning include vomiting, delirium, giddiness, increased excitability, stupor, coma, and violent convulsions. In order to reduce the risk of tutin poisoning, humans should not eat honey taken from feral hives in the risk areas of New Zealand. Since December 2001, New Zealand beekeepers have been required to reduce the risk of producing toxic honey by closely monitoring tutu, vine hopper, and foraging conditions within 3 km of their apiary.
[edit] Honey producing countries



Information about Honey

Honey is known at least for 12,000 years. Especially in Egypt a honey culture was widespread. Honey was used for ritual and medical purposes. From Greece we know by Hippocrates about 300 different honey remedies.

Most of us are acquainted with the culinary delights of honey, at least with the common extracted honey. But the real honey specialities are honey in the comb or comb-honey; they are the best prophylactic against a cold.


What is Honey?
Honey is a natural sweet substance produced by honeybees for their own food supply. Honeybees collect nectar from flowering plants and transform it to Honey. During this ripening process the nectar is passed on from one bee to the next. After approximately 100 bees have been involved in this process, each bee extracting water content and adding their own enzymes to the nectar, the transformed honey then gets stored in comb cells inside the hive. Through evaporation the honey's water content gets further reduced to about 18%. Once a comb cell is filled and the honey has fully ripened the bees seal that cell with a thin layer of bees wax to protect and preserve it for the times when they need it. The low water content helps to make the honey durable for many years.

Honey contains up to 30 different kinds of sugar, like Fructose (27% to 44%) and Glucose (22% to 41%) and nearly 200 recorded substances. For instance organic acids, ferments, vitamins, proteines, enzymes, antioxidants, aromatic substances und minerals like phosphor, iron, calcium, copper, manganese, magnesium, sodium, potassium, as well as many antibacterial pharmacologically active ingredients (Inhibiters with antibiotic effect). The composition of substances varies with the variety of honey.
[Wikipedia about Honey]

Beekeepers encourage overproduction of honey within the hive so that the excess can be taken without endangering the bees. When sources of food for the bees are short, beekeepers may have to give the bees supplementary nutrition. Supplementary nutrition usually comes in the form of sugar (sucrose) mixed with water at proper ratios.


Honey Varieties
Honey can be classified by the floral source of the nectar from which it was made. Most of the Honey here in Australia is made from Eucalyptus trees, like Grey Box, Yellow Box, River Red Gum, Ironbark, Blue Gum - just to name a few. When the flower source can be determined the honey gets labled in accordance with the specific flower source.

Honey often comes from a mix of flower sources and then gets labled as "Wildflower Honey", "Garden Honey" or something similar.

Honey can also be blended after extraction. Blended Honey is probably the most common honey found in supermarket shelfs.


Crystallised Honey
Honey can be liquid or solid (crystallised). This mainly depends on the ratio of fructose and glucose, but also how the honey is processed and stored. Crystallised honey is honey in which some of the glucose content has spontaneously crystallised from solution as a monohydrate. Crystallisation has no impact on honey quality; it is a natural process, like water and ice. Crystallisation can be reversed by keeping the cystallised honey at a warm temperature (34°C) for several hours, until liquid again.

Clover honey crystallises immediately after honey harvest. Others, like fir honey, crystallise after years. It depends on different proportion of fructose and glucose. Is the part of glucose higher, the honey crystallises faster and firmer.


Honey Preservation
Because of its unique composition honey is suitable for long term storage and is easily assimilated even after long preservation. History knows examples of honey preservation for decades, and even centuries. The main goal is to prevent the fermentation of the honey. Honey should also be protected from oxidation. The ideal example is the natural process of bees sealing of the honey in honeycomb cells with wax caps. The best honey is in the uncut honey combs. After being removed from the comb, honey is very vulnerable, and the main loss of quality takes place during preservation and distribution.

Honey should not be preserved in metal containers, because the acids in the honey may promote oxidation of the vessel. Traditionally honey was stored in ceramic or wooden containers, however glass is now the favoured material. If honey is correctly stored it is durable for many years. You should take care about a dry, dark and cool storage (10°C).

Honey jars need always to be closed properly as honey has a strong tendency to absorb outside smells and moisture. It is advisable to keep it in clean, hermetically sealed vessels. For the same reasons, it is not advisable to preserve honey uncovered in a refrigerator, especially together with other foods and products.

Excessive heat can have detrimental effects on the nutritional value of honey. Heating up to 37°C causes loss of nearly 200 components, part of which are antibacterial. Heating up to 40°C destroys invertase, an important enzyme. Heating up to 50°C turns the honey into caramel, the most valuable honey sugars become analogous to sugar. [source Wikipedia]


Honey as Potential health hazards
Most micro-organisms do not grow in honey because of its low water activity. However, honey frequently contains dormant endospores of the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, which can be dangerous to infants as the endospores can transform into toxin-producing bacteria in the infant's immature intestinal tract, leading to illness and even death. Children under one year of age should not be given honey. The more developed digestive systems of older children and adults generally destroy the spores. Infants, however, can contract botulism from honey, although such cases are very rare. [source Wikipedia]


Toxic Honey
If bees collect nectar from certain plants, the produced honey can be toxic to humans. For example, honey produced from nectar of Rhododendron contains alkaloids that are poisonous to humans but do not harm bees. [source Wikipedia]

Toxic honey may also result when bees are in close proximity to the tutu plant Coriaria and the vine hopper insect Scolypopa australis. Both are found throughout New Zealand. Bees gather honeydew produced by the vine hopper insects feeding on the tutu plant. This introduces the poison tutin into honey.


The use of Honey in Medicine
Describing the use of honey in medicine is best left to the specialists; here a link to Wikipedia on this subject.
The best known honey for medicinal purposes is Manuka Honey. Manuka honey is from bees who feed on the flowers of the Manuka bush, also known as the "Tea Tree" to produce a honey that has anti-bacterial properties. Tea tree oil is commonly from the related Melaleuca tree native to Australia and is used as a topical antibiotic and antifungal for wounds that fail to close. [source Wikipedia]


Honey is the better cough medicine
When it comes to helping a child fight off a cough, the centuries-old remedy of honey is still the best, researchers say. The natural sweetener is a traditional soother and remains better than costly over-the-counter medicines. In a study, a dose before bedtime easily outperformed a cough suppressant widely used in commercial treatments.

Honey was better at cutting the severity, frequency and disturbance from night time coughs of those suffering upper respiratory infection. It also helped their sleep, suggesting that parents may be wasting their money on expensive alternatives sold in chemists and supermarkets.

The study compared honey to dextromethorphan (DM), the active ingredient in many cough mixtures. Scientists in Pennsylvania found that DM made no significant difference to symptoms compared with having no treatment for the 105 children aged two to 18 in the research. They were divided into groups receiving honey, a honey-flavoured DM medicine or no treatment about 30 minutes before bedtime. Parents rated honey as significantly better than DM or no treatment, according to the journal Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine.

The researchers said that honey offered a "safe and legitimate alternative" to DM, which can occasionally cause severe side effects in children, including muscle contractions and spasms. Honey's ability to help coughs may be due to the way it soothes on contact and stimulates saliva. Source www.dailymail.co.uk

Also - American researchers have proven what beekeepers have known for long. Honey is the better cough medicine.
Honey as cough medicine for children